INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND DISEASES

INFECTIOUS AGENTS

• Virus
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Worms

Diseases Caused by Virus

• Common Cold
• Influenza
• Measles
• Mumps
• AIDS
• Chicken Pox
• Hepatitis-B etc...................

COMMON COLD

Symptoms

It is Airborne.

Influenza(Flu)

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The influenza virus primarily attacks your respiratory tract: your nose, throat, and the tubes that lead to your lungs

Influenza is a virus subtype H1N1 is the subtype of Influenza A virus.

Flu is caused by virus.
It is spread by pigs.

In 1918 due to Influenza more than 5 Million people were killed.This Influenza was known as Spanish Flu.

Treatment:There are influenza antiviral drugs that can be used to treat flu illness.

It is Airborne.

MEASLES

Symptoms

It is caused by Rubeola virus, which belongs to the Paramyxovirus family.

Treatment:There is no treatment but if we take rest it’ll be cured.

Mumps

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Mumps mostly affects the parotid glands.

Treatment: Mumps usually go away on its own in about 10 days.

AIDS

Symptoms:HIV virus

Full form: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

CHICKEN POX

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Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus.

Treatment: There is no specific treatment for chickenpox, but there are pharmacy remedies that can alleviate symptoms.

HEPATITIS-B

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Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person to person through blood or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.

Hepatitis B is an infection of your liver. It can cause scarring of the organ, liver failure, and cancer.

Treatment for chronic hepatitis B may include: Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications — including entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir (Viread), lamivudine (Epivir) etc can fight against it and slow its ability to damage the liver.

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DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

• Cholera
• Typhoid
• Tuberculosis
• Tetanus
• Anthrax
• Food Poisoning etc...........

Cholera

Symptoms

A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. The deadly effects of the disease are the result of a toxin the bacteria produces in the small intestine. The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes).

It is spread by contaminated water.

The first cholera pandemic (1817–1824), also known as the first Asiatic cholera pandemic or Asiatic cholera, began near the city of Calcutta and spread throughout South and Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa and the Mediterranean coast.

TYPHOID

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Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It remains a serious health threat in the developing world, especially for children.

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The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.

TUBERCULOSIS

There are many types of tuberculosis, but the main two types are termed either active or latent tuberculosis infection.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It's spread when a person with active TB disease in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.

TETANUS

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Tetanus is different from other vaccine-preventable diseases because it does not spread from person to person.

Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”.

ANTHRAX

Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium's spores, which often appear in infectious animal products. Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin.

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis.

It is known as
Bacillus Anthracis

Treatment: Antibiotics are usually used to treat anthrax. Antibiotics that may be prescribed include pencillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin.

FOOD POISONING

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They can transfer into your body when you eat contaminated food, drink contaminated water, or put anything in your mouth that's come in contact with the feces of an infected person or animal.

In most cases of food poisoning, the food is contaminated by bacteria, such as salmonella or Escherichia coli , a virus such as the norovirus.

Treatment: In some cases, adults take over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide link (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate link (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate) to treat diarrhea caused by food poisoning.

DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGI

• Skin Infection

SKIN INFECTION

The symptoms of a skin infection also vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include redness of the skin and a rash.

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A skin infection occurs when parasites, fungi, or germs such as bacteria penetrate the skin and spread.

The main groups of fungi causing skin infections are: Dermatophytes (tinea) Yeasts: Candida, including non-albicans candida species, Malassezia, Piedra.

Skin infection can be treated with oral antibiotics. While several topical antibiotic preparations can be used, such as bacitracin, triple antibiotic ointment (polymixin B, neomycin, bacitracin), or gentamicin, mupirocin (Bactroban, GlaxoSmithKline)etc.

DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA

• Malaria
• Kala-Azar
• Amoebic Dysentry
• Sleeping Sickness

MALARIA

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It is caused by Plasmodium parasite. There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause malaria in humans.

The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known as "night-biting" mosquitoes because they most commonly bite between dusk and dawn.

Treatment includes antimalarial drugs , Hydro Chloroquine phosphate.

KALA-AZAR

It is also known as Visceral leishmaniasis, black fever.

SYMPTOMS

• Swelling of
• Spleen
• Liver
• Bone Marrow

Treatment of kala-azar has been by use of pentavalent antimonials, mainly sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime).

AMOEBIC DYSENTRY

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Transmission of amoebic dysentery occurs mainly through the faecal-oral route, including ingestion of faecal contaminated food or water containing the cyst of Entamoeba histolytica.

Amoebic dysentery is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Invasive intestinal parasitic infection can result in symptoms of fulminant dysentery, such as fever, chills, bloody or mucous diarrhoea, and abdominal discomfort.

Amoebic dysentery is treated with metronidazole (Flagyl) or tinidazole (Tindamax). These drugs kill the parasites.

SLEEPING SICKNESS

African trypanosomiasis, also known as African sleeping sickness or simply sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other animals. It is caused by the species Trypanosoma brucei. Humans are infected by two types, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (TbR).

SYMPTOMS

• Headache
• Fever
• Muscle and Joint pains
• Sudden weight loss
• Rash or itchy skin
• Enlarged lymph and nodes
• Large soar at the taste bites

Treatment: Only four drugs are registered for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: pentamidine, suramin, melarsoprol and eflornithine. A fifth drug, nifurtimox, is used in combination under special authorizations.

DISEASES CAUSED BY WORMS

• Elephantiasis
• Intestinal infections etc......

ELEPHANTIASIS

SYMPTOMS

• Chills
• Fever
• You will feel bad over all
• Tough skin

Usually, to get elephantiasis, you would have to be bitten by a lot of mosquitoes over a long time, in a country where certain types of roundworms are known to exist.

It starts when mosquitoes infected with the roundworm larvae bite you. The tiny larvae survive in your bloodstream and grow. They finish maturing in your lymph system. They can live there for years and cause a lot of damage to your lymph system. This is what causes the swelling.

Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a very rare condition that’s spread by mosquitoes.
The common name is often used because if you have it, your arms and legs can swell and become much bigger than they should be.It becomes as tough as the elephant skin.

It has no treatment but if we notice it before it affects the skin then we can give some medications.

INTESTINAL INFECTION

SYMPTOMS

• Diarrhoea
• Vomiting
• Stomach Ache

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection marked by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever. The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu —is through contact with an infected person or by ingesting contaminated food or water.

Treatment for intestinal infection includes taking antibiotics and staying hydrated. Common antibiotics used to treat gastrointestinal infection are penicillin, cephalosporin, antifolate / sulfa combinations, nitroimidazole, penem, glycopeptide, and monobactam antibiotics.

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