The First Sudanese Civil War
Published on Dec 09, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
THE FIRST SUDANESE CIVIL WAR
- A CONFLICT FROM 1955 TO 1972 BETWEEN THE NORTHERN PART OF SUDAN AND THE SOUTHERN SUDAN REGION THAT DEMANDED REPRESENTATION AND MORE REGIONAL AUTONOMY.
- HALF A MILLION PEOPLE DIED OVER THE 17 YEARS OF WAR, WHICH MAY BE DIVIDED INTO THREE STAGES: INITIAL GUERRILLA WAR, ANYANYA, AND SOUTH SUDAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT.
cause
- Until 1946, the British government, in collaboration with the Egyptian government administered south Sudan and north Sudan as separate regions. At this time, the two areas were merged into a single administrative region as part of British strategy in the Middle East.
-This act was taken without consultation with southern leaders, who feared being subsumed by the political power of the larger north.
-Religion is the pivotal factor in the conflict. The North, with roughly two-thirds of Sudan's land and population, is Muslim and Arabic-speaking. The South is more indigenously African in race, culture, and religion, with Christian influences and a Western orientation.
-Matters reached a head as the 1 January 1956 independence day approached, as it appeared that northern leaders were backing away from commitments to create a federal government that would give the south substantial autonomy.
the war
- On 18 August 1955, members of the British-administered Sudan Defence Force Equatorial Corps mutinied in Torit, and in the following days in Juba, Yei, and Maridi.
- The immediate causes of the mutiny were a trial of a southern member of the national assembly and an allegedly false telegram urging northern administrators in the South to oppress Southerners.
-The mutinies were suppressed, though survivors fled the towns and began an uncoordinated insurgency in rural areas. Poorly armed and ill-organized, they were little threat to the outgoing colonial power or the newly formed Sudanese government.
-The insurgents gradually developed into a secessionist movement composed of the 1955 mutineers and southern students. These groups formed the Anyanya guerrilla army.
-The separatist movement was crippled by internal ethnic divisions.
-The government was unable to take advantage of rebel weaknesses because of their own factionalism and instability.
effects
- Mediation between the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), both of which spent years building up trust with the two combatants, eventually led to the Addis Ababa Agreement of March 1972 ending the conflict.
-In exchange for ending their armed uprising, southerners were granted a single southern administrative region with various defined powers.
-Five hundred thousand people, of which only one in five was considered an armed combatant, were killed in the seventeen years of war and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. The Addis Ababa Agreement proved to be only temporary respite. Infringements by the north led to increased unrest in the south starting in the mid-1970s, leading to the 1983 army mutiny that sparked the Second Sudanese Civil War.
timeline
- 1899-1955 - South Sudan is part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, under joint British-Egyptian rule. 1956 - Sudan gains independence from joint British-Egyptian rule. First civil war John Garang Rebel leader John Garang, who fought more than 20 years for independence, died in 2005
