TERRORISM

ORIGINS

ORIGINS

• Règne de la Terreur - French Revolution
• To protect new republic Robespierre - 40,000 died under guillotine

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• Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Triggered WWI

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• 1st century Middle East
• Targeted those who had adopted Roman values by stabbing them in public

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• 8th century
• Assassins Sect killed politicians & clerics in holy sites for maximum impact

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• Indian religious cult Thuggees
• 17th-19th centuries strangled travellers as offering to Hindu Goddess
• 1 million murders

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• 19th century
• Nationalist groups from Russia, Ireland, Balkans

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• End of world wars
• Groups against colonial masters: Cyprus, Kenya, Algeria
• 20 yrs back a change: from nationalist objs (Spanish ETA, Turkey's PKK) to international focus

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• Global reach
• Global recruitment
• 60's & 70's highjacking of planes
• 11 Israeli athletes killed at Olympic Games

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• 90's Paris metro
• 1993 attack on World Trade Center (Egyptian org)

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• Sept. 11, 2001
• Al Qaeda
• Repercussions: Madrid, Bali, London, Mumbai, Islamabad

1994 UN RESOLUTION

• "Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them."

BUT IT ALL DEPENDS ON WHICH SIDE YOU SEE THINGS

EXAMPLES

• Soviet occupation of Afghanistan
• CIA supported Taliban during Cold War
• Seen as freedom fighters resisting foreign occupation
• Nowadays: terrorists

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• Palestine
• Viewed as freedom fighters fighting against "unlawful" occupation of their land
• "Legitimate resistance"
• Israel sees them as terrorists

CAUSES

SOCIAL & POLITICAL INJUSTICE
belief they have been stripped of rights, land, possessions

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
punishment for ungodly behaviour in society or to take revenge for "attacks" on their beliefs

EXS: DIVISIONS BETWEEN PROTESTANT & CATHOLIC CHRISTIANS

IDEOLOGICAL BELIEFS
to support the cause of an ideology- animal rights, eco-terrorists

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
poverty, lack of education, lack of political freedom - might be more susceptible to recruitment

HOW DO WE STEREOTYPE & LABEL OTHERS

Humans rapidly & spontaneously classify objects & concepts into categories in order to make sense of a complex world

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• In-groups: groups in which we see ourselves belonging to
• Out-groups: groups we don't belong into

The tendency to perceive social groups along gender, ethnic & racial terms & put ourselves in social categories arises in childhood

PREJUDICE

• Normally people will have favoritism towards members of groups to which they belong to, even if there is not a very close relation
• Social categorization gives rise to prejudice

PREJUDICE: affective factor of group bias -
Emotional preference for one group or another (low status differs)

STUDIES

STEREOTYPE

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• Developed when unable or unwilling to obtain info to make fair judgments
• Can lead to discrimination & persecution

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TV, MOVIES, BOOKS

DISCRIMINATION

• When we judge others based on prejudices & stereotypes
• Employment, education, social services
• Restrictive membership in clubs
• Criminal justice system not applied equally to all

RACISM

• Categorization of humans based on physical & genetic makeup
• Racists: people who believe their race is superior to others

Jews - 19th century Europe (nationalism)
African-Americans in USA