subjunctive clauses

subjunctive clauses are...

• dependent clauses

different types of subjunctive clauses

• result clause
• purpose clause
• indirect command
• indirect question
• cum clauses (circumstantial, causal, concessive)

Clues

• there is the indicative clause 
• the "tow hitch" which begins the subjunctive clause
• then the subjunctive clause with the subjunctive verb.

Result Clause tells the result of an earlier action.

Result Clauses

• First is the indicative clause which is independent
• In the indicative clause, there are DING DING words: 
• tam(so), tot(so many), tantus(so great), sic(in such a way)
• ita(in such a way), adeo(so much), talis(such)

result clauses cont.

• then there is the "tow hitch" which connects the two clauses
• tow htich = ut (positive) ut non (negative)

result clause cont.

• then the subjunctive clause with the subjunctive verb
• examples: I was so tired that I fell asleep early.
• Miser servus totiens a dominō verberabatur ut capiti valde nocuerit.
• Opus parvarum ancillarum est tam difficile ut domo fugere constituerint.

Purpose clause shows the purpose of the earlier action.

purpose clause

• the indicative clause doesn't include any specials words.
• The tow hitch is the part that shows you that it is a purpose clause
• tow hitch = ut or ne (positive or negative)
• then there is the subjunctive clause with the subjunctive verb. 

purpose clause cont.

• examples:
• My mom went to the store to buy groceries.
• Mater multum cibum filiae gracilī dedit ne aegra esset. 
• The children put on their mittens lest their hands get cold. 
• Domini semper pecuniam augere volunt ut pulcherrimos domos Romae habeant.

Indirect command clauses are just like indirect questions, but is commanding someone.

indirect command

• indicative clause - command verbs to hint an indirect command
• some are: rogare(to ask), imperare(to order), orare(to beg),
• persuadere(to persuade), mandare(to entrust), etc.
• imperare, persuadere, mandare = (+dat)

Indirect command cont.

• tow hitch = ut or ne
• followed by a subjunctive clause with a subjunctive verb

Indirect command cont.

• examples: 
• Caesar ordered the soldiers to set up the tents.
• My sister warned us not to leave the house. 
• Pater familias servos vetuit ut ad Forum irent.
• Iratior mater ā liberis postulavit nē libros amitterent. 

Indirect question is a question in reported speech.

Indirect question

• The indicative clause includes head verbs such as:
• rogare, admirari, quaerere, cognoscere, scire, nescire, etc.
• the tow hitch are some question words:
• quis/who, quid/what, quando,ubi/when, ubi,quo/where
• cur/why, quomodo/how, quot/how many, etc.

Indirect questions cont.

• then comes the subjunctive clause with a subjunctive verb. 
• You do not know when practice is. 
• Nescivi ubi hīc agricola fuisset. 
• Nemo cognovit quid senator ageret. 
• The girls wonder why the rain suddenly stopped. 

"Cum" clauses are translated with when/after, because/since, or although-nevertheless

Cum clauses

• the indicative clause has "tamen" if cum concessive.
• tow hitch = cum
• when = circumstantial
• since/because = causal
• although = concessive

Cum concessive clauses - cum = although
tamen = nevertheless

Cum clauses cont.

• typically, Latin sentences has "cum" before the indicative.
• examples: 
• When the fighter tapped out, he lost the fight.
• Because the girls run everyday, they have great endurance.
• Although it was raining, nevertheless I ran outside.

Cum clauses cont.

• more examples:
• Cum Vergilius Romam adveniret, multa clarissima aedificia erat. 
• Cum togam virilam sumpsisset, pater filium ad Forum duxit. 
• Cum hoc faceret, tamen mater amavit suum filium.

the end