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Slide Notes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The case of major negotiations between the United States, and China in 1971. Exploring the dynamics – superpower and emerging power; democracy and authoritarian; high-context and low-context; developed and developing.
COURSE MATERIAL
TEXTBOOKS
1. Negotiating Across Cultures: International Communication in an Interdependent World by Raymond Cohen
• Pg 24-26 (face); Chapter 10 - Face and Form;
• Chapter 4- What is Negotiable: Human Rights, Sovereignty and Pride and Status
• Chapter 5- Pre-negotiation: Establishing personal relationship; Preventing Surprise (non-confrontation)
• Chapter 6- Opening Move: Who goes first (first listen), Principle vs problem
• Chapter 7- Middle Game: references to China in Bidding and Habits of Authority
• Chapter 8- Middle Game II: The reluctance to say No (subtlety), Directness vs Indirectness, Nonverbal Communication
• Chapter 9- End Game I: Pressure to Settle (time as a weapon)
• Chapter 10- When is a Deal a Deal (Chinese attitude to contracts; agreement)
2. On China by Henry Kissinger,
Chapter 9, Resumption of Relations: First encounters with Mao and Zhou,
Chapter 10, Quasi-alliance: Conversations with Mao
The case of major negotiations between the United States, and China in 1971. Exploring the dynamics – superpower and emerging power; democracy and authoritarian; high-context and low-context; developed and developing.
COURSE MATERIAL
TEXTBOOKS
1. Negotiating Across Cultures: International Communication in an Interdependent World by Raymond Cohen
• Pg 24-26 (face); Chapter 10 - Face and Form;
• Chapter 4- What is Negotiable: Human Rights, Sovereignty and Pride and Status
• Chapter 5- Pre-negotiation: Establishing personal relationship; Preventing Surprise (non-confrontation)
• Chapter 6- Opening Move: Who goes first (first listen), Principle vs problem
• Chapter 7- Middle Game: references to China in Bidding and Habits of Authority
• Chapter 8- Middle Game II: The reluctance to say No (subtlety), Directness vs Indirectness, Nonverbal Communication
• Chapter 9- End Game I: Pressure to Settle (time as a weapon)
• Chapter 10- When is a Deal a Deal (Chinese attitude to contracts; agreement)
2. On China by Henry Kissinger,
Chapter 9, Resumption of Relations: First encounters with Mao and Zhou,
Chapter 10, Quasi-alliance: Conversations with Mao
Statecraft with China
Published on Nov 20, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Statecraft with China
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The case of major negotiations between the United States, and China in 1971. Exploring the dynamics – superpower and emerging power; democracy and authoritarian; high-context and low-context; developed and developing.
COURSE MATERIAL
TEXTBOOKS
1. Negotiating Across Cultures: International Communication in an Interdependent World by Raymond Cohen
• Pg 24-26 (face); Chapter 10 - Face and Form;
• Chapter 4- What is Negotiable: Human Rights, Sovereignty and Pride and Status
• Chapter 5- Pre-negotiation: Establishing personal relationship; Preventing Surprise (non-confrontation)
• Chapter 6- Opening Move: Who goes first (first listen), Principle vs problem
• Chapter 7- Middle Game: references to China in Bidding and Habits of Authority
• Chapter 8- Middle Game II: The reluctance to say No (subtlety), Directness vs Indirectness, Nonverbal Communication
• Chapter 9- End Game I: Pressure to Settle (time as a weapon)
• Chapter 10- When is a Deal a Deal (Chinese attitude to contracts; agreement)
2. On China by Henry Kissinger,
Chapter 9, Resumption of Relations: First encounters with Mao and Zhou,
Chapter 10, Quasi-alliance: Conversations with Mao
The case of major negotiations between the United States, and China in 1971. Exploring the dynamics – superpower and emerging power; democracy and authoritarian; high-context and low-context; developed and developing.
COURSE MATERIAL
TEXTBOOKS
1. Negotiating Across Cultures: International Communication in an Interdependent World by Raymond Cohen
• Pg 24-26 (face); Chapter 10 - Face and Form;
• Chapter 4- What is Negotiable: Human Rights, Sovereignty and Pride and Status
• Chapter 5- Pre-negotiation: Establishing personal relationship; Preventing Surprise (non-confrontation)
• Chapter 6- Opening Move: Who goes first (first listen), Principle vs problem
• Chapter 7- Middle Game: references to China in Bidding and Habits of Authority
• Chapter 8- Middle Game II: The reluctance to say No (subtlety), Directness vs Indirectness, Nonverbal Communication
• Chapter 9- End Game I: Pressure to Settle (time as a weapon)
• Chapter 10- When is a Deal a Deal (Chinese attitude to contracts; agreement)
2. On China by Henry Kissinger,
Chapter 9, Resumption of Relations: First encounters with Mao and Zhou,
Chapter 10, Quasi-alliance: Conversations with Mao
Photo by launceston_lad
1
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Defining relationship of the 21st century
And for most of your working lives
The US and China are the 2 largest economies in the world and will remain that way for the near future. Chinese military power is growing rapidly. Interactions between the US and China - economic, political, people-to-people contact - will intensify in the years to come.
Untitled Slide
- Established power vs rising power
- Reconciling differing civilizational approaches
- Violent confrontation will have catastrophic results
- Unique challenge to diplomacy; no historical parallels
- Vital economic and commercial linkages
The interaction has many interesting angles for students of diplomacy. Perhaps the most interesting angle for this class is that the USA and China are for all practical purposes completely different civilisations. There is no historical precedent for managing an international system by two powers that are so different in so many ways. The purpose of this class is to study some of these differences and to learn how to approach attempts to reconcile these differences.
Kissinger describes the situation as "the challenge of bringing together two societies so estranged by ideology and history.."
Kissinger describes the situation as "the challenge of bringing together two societies so estranged by ideology and history.."
US exceptionalism
&
Chinese exceptionalism
We are familiar with US exceptionalism.
The Chinese refer to themselves as the Middle Kingdom - a reference to their belief that they are positioned between heaven and earth.
The Chinese refer to themselves as the Middle Kingdom - a reference to their belief that they are positioned between heaven and earth.
Photo by Tony Crider
2
In this section, we will look at some of the very major differences between the US and Chinese philosophies and cultures that have an impact on diplomacy.
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The Chinese are DIFFERERNT
The next few slides enumerate some of the differences between basic Western and Chinese precepts. They are not organised in any particular order.
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Confucius
- Learning
- Hierarchy - know thy place
- Secular values
- Strong work ethic
To understand China, you have to understand Confucius and Confucian values. Some of these values are enumerated in this slide.
Note the centrality of "learning".
Note the centrality of "learning".
Photo by adam THEO
Confucius
The Chinese value order and harmony in society as a supreme objective.
This slide explains how all social interaction is based on 5 types of relationships. Order and harmony is ensured when all parties in these relationships conduct themselves "properly."
This slide explains how all social interaction is based on 5 types of relationships. Order and harmony is ensured when all parties in these relationships conduct themselves "properly."
Confucius
3 qualities/concepts that are valued by Chinese:-
"Faithfulness"
"Sincerity"
"Virtue"
What are some values that are at a premium in Western society?
"Faithfulness"
"Sincerity"
"Virtue"
What are some values that are at a premium in Western society?
Law does
not eradicate problems. People’s behavior can be effectively influenced by a set of self-regulating
moral mechanisms, for example, by li (ritual propriety, etiquette, and so forth) and by instilling “a
sense of shame” in people.
The Rule of Law is the basis of democratic governance in the West.
The Chinese have a somewhat different perspective on the concept and utility of Law.
The Chinese have a somewhat different perspective on the concept and utility of Law.
Photo by IvanWalsh.com
Good iron is not used to make nails
How is law to be enforced? Western societies have granted the State a monopoly on violence to enforce the Rule of Law.
This saying captures the Chinese attitude to enforcement that relies on force.
This saying captures the Chinese attitude to enforcement that relies on force.
Photo by Asitimes
Dao
Good and evil co-exist
Another philosophical system that has a deep influence on the Chinese is Daoism. Some of their precepts are enumerated in the next few slides.
The attitudes to Good and Evil as co-existing forces is difficult for Western minds to grasp.
Daoism emphasizes living a harmonious life, by meditation, simple living and openness of spirit. There are close links with Confucian thought in all this, and the two systems have become inextricably linked in Chinese philosophical and religious practice.
The attitudes to Good and Evil as co-existing forces is difficult for Western minds to grasp.
Daoism emphasizes living a harmonious life, by meditation, simple living and openness of spirit. There are close links with Confucian thought in all this, and the two systems have become inextricably linked in Chinese philosophical and religious practice.
Photo by amygwen
Dao
The importance of harmony
"Harmony" is a central Chinese and Eastern philosophical concept.
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The universe works harmoniously according to its own ways. When someone exerts their will against the world, they disrupt that harmony. Taoism does not identify one's will as the root problem. Rather, it asserts that one must place their will in harmony with the natural universe.Thus, a potentially harmful interference must be avoided. A wise man seeks to come into harmony with the great Tao and flow along with it.
The role of harmony in life. This extends to Chinese attitudes in governance and politics.
Photo by kattebelletje
Untitled Slide
Buddhism deeply influences China and Chinese thinking. Buddhism is very different in its approach to life when compared to Western philosophical and religious approaches.
Buddhism values what it calls the "Middle Path." The components of the Middle Path are enumerated.
Buddhism values what it calls the "Middle Path." The components of the Middle Path are enumerated.
The unanswered questions
- Is the world eternal?
- Then, is the world not eternal?
- Is there eternal life?
- Then, is there no eternal life ?
Buddhism is at its core an agnostic philosophy. The absence of certainties is difficult for a mind trained in Western verities to grasp.
This slide has a few questions which the Buddha is reputed to have said cannnot be answered.
This slide has a few questions which the Buddha is reputed to have said cannnot be answered.
Photo by JapanDave
Basic Hinduism
- Action with expectation of reward is tainted
These are congruent with some of the basic teachings of Hinduism.
Photo by Stuck in Customs
An Individual is supreme over his mind and body
Western society is based on the concept of the supremacy over the individual. What is good for the individual is good for society. Not so for the Chinese
Victorious warriors win first and then go to war while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win
One of the central precepts of Sun Tzu. Compare this with Clausewitz who emphasised that the enemy requires to be outfought.
Untitled Slide
Chairman Mao's unique legacy
Another strand of thought that plays into Chinese diplomacy is Mao's unique philosophical legacy. Mao was as much a Chinese nationalist as a Communist. His thinking and actions, such as the Cultural Revolution, continue to confound Western analysts.
Mao was a very learned man. His reading, according to his biographers, was mostly limited to Chinese texts. An understanding of Mao is necessary to understand modern China.
Mao was a very learned man. His reading, according to his biographers, was mostly limited to Chinese texts. An understanding of Mao is necessary to understand modern China.
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It does not matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice
The Chinese are a very pragmatic people. Deng, the man who did the most to shape China other than Mao, is credited with this famous quotation.
Deng launched China's economic revolution that created "Capitalism with Chinese characteristics"
Deng launched China's economic revolution that created "Capitalism with Chinese characteristics"
Photo by sbszine
Untitled Slide
Another of Deng's sayings that impacts Chinese diplomacy.
Confucian
Perhaps the best way to understand some of the differences between Chinese and Western thinking is to compare two individuals who are highly respected in their societies.
Kissinger describes Zhou as follows "In some sixty years of public life, I have encountered no more compelling figure than Zhou Enlai..... he dominated by exceptional intelligence and the capacity to intuit the intangibles of the psychology of his opposite number. He was "content to exploit the currents" of history. He ofte said "The helmsman must ride the waves."
"He was a figure out of history. He was equally at home in philosophy, reminiscence, historical analysis, tactical probes, humorous repartee."
"Extraordinary personal graciousness"
"Infinitely patient"
Kissinger describes Zhou as follows "In some sixty years of public life, I have encountered no more compelling figure than Zhou Enlai..... he dominated by exceptional intelligence and the capacity to intuit the intangibles of the psychology of his opposite number. He was "content to exploit the currents" of history. He ofte said "The helmsman must ride the waves."
"He was a figure out of history. He was equally at home in philosophy, reminiscence, historical analysis, tactical probes, humorous repartee."
"Extraordinary personal graciousness"
"Infinitely patient"
Photo by Gwydion M. Williams
American
Contrast with the qualities of one of the greatest Americans of our time:-
Exceptional intelligence (common with Zhou). The differences are:-
Anything but tactful - abrasive, rough
Impatient
"Counterculture rebel"
Exceptional intelligence (common with Zhou). The differences are:-
Anything but tactful - abrasive, rough
Impatient
"Counterculture rebel"
Photo by COG LOG LAB.
3
In this section, we will look at some concepts that US students find interesting.
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The United States brags about its political system, but the President says one thing during the election, something else when he takes office, something else at midterm and something else when he leaves office
One is the fact that China is not a democracy. Chinese perspectives on democracy need to be studied. This slide is a quote from Deng, the revered Chinese leader, about what he saw as an infirmity of democracy.
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Political change will come to China. Labor unrest, ethnic riots, product safety negligence, censorship and disasters have repeatedly cost massive loss of life....One has to wonder how China's hierarchical and rigid political system can effectively respond. They must be asking "How can we liberalize without becoming Gorbachev?"
This is a quote from Condoleez Rice's "No Higher Honour". There is a belief that the Chinese system is too authoritarian to continue to deliver the kind of spectacular economic growth and national consolidation that has been delivered for the last few decades.
The rise of a system that does things differently from Western democratic governments and delivers economic results is something, that in my experience, many in this country find interesting, or perhaps baffling.
The rise of a system that does things differently from Western democratic governments and delivers economic results is something, that in my experience, many in this country find interesting, or perhaps baffling.
Photo by darthdowney
Untitled Slide
There are several "different" camps on how to approach the Chinese. How should one deal with the "Chinese dragon" is a question that is frequently heard. Should one confront the Chinese?
Untitled Slide
Or should one work "with" them? If that is the chosen option how does one deal with a perception that accepting the Chinese are different is tantamount to accepting "defeat" for America and at a broader level, the virtues of Western civilisation.
Untitled Slide
Possibly nothing captures this as succintly to the disdain that President Obama faced in many quarters when he bowed to the Emperor in Japan.
It was equated with demonstrating weakness.
It was equated with demonstrating weakness.
Untitled Slide
Bowing is a form of showing respect in Asian societies.
Untitled Slide
Showing respect to elders is not seen as a sign of weakness. It is a sign of respect that good manners demands. It means that the person being bowed to is older. It does not always mean that he is more powerful.
Untitled Slide
It is very different from the bow of the monotheistic religions such as Islam, Christianity and Judaism.
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What is the best way of dealing with the Chinese? What are the prospects of China?
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Singapore
What does this model tell us?
One of the most qualified guides to China is Singapore. Singapore combines Chinese and Western systems.
The next few slides have quotes from Lee Kuan Yew on issues that students here will find interesting.
The next few slides have quotes from Lee Kuan Yew on issues that students here will find interesting.
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For 10 years, no trouble. Their control is complete. Everywhere life is improving, including the backward provinces. What will happen when 70 to 75% of the population is in towns which will happen in 25 years? All will have cell phones, PDAs, laptops with Wifi.... The government cannot suppress news and information.
Lee Kuan Yew
Photo by chinnian
They try to block dissenting opinion from gathering momentum so they take down the website... can't quite succeed. But they will try. And they are smart and pragmatic.
Lee Kuan Yew cont'd
Photo by World Economic Forum
They will become partially democratic. Small towns, small villages will have elections. This keeps a check on corruption. In bigger town elections will be controlled to ensure election of reliable CPC candidates. They will, however, be more open about selection process.
Lee Kuan Yew cont'd
The present leaders are pragmatic and realistic. There's less talk of communism, but they have deep-seated commitment to look after the poorer people and have a fair and more equitable society, caring especially for those in the deprived areas.
Lee Kuan Yew cont'd
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India expects China to become stronger. There will be volatility but it will be managed. Talk of coming implosion is exaggerated.
My personal view
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The Hong Kong experience
What does this model tell us?
Another guide to Chinese thinking and priorities is the way in which they are managing Hong Kong.
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The Indian experience
Nehru Zhou negotiations
In hot storage
Common interests
6
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Untitled Slide
- Ancient civilisation
- Contemporary great power
- Dramatic transformation
- Deeply wounded by the 19th and 20th centuries
Photo by leniners
Untitled Slide
- Not Westphalian
- Middle Kingdom
- "Tributary" model
- Long time horizon - Very long institutional memory
- Pragmatic, flexible, non-confrontational (even while "Speaking in Slogans")
Photo by China Books
Not interested in exporting its model
- Chinese civilisation self-evidently superior
- Non-Chinese are "barbarians"
- Relations need not be adversarial
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Chinese realpolitik
- Not every problem has a solution
- Too great an emphasis on mastery over events is counterproductive
- Security and insecurity always coexist
- Do not risk a single all-or-nothing clash
- Patient accumulation of relative advantage
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Actually national sovereignty is far more important than human rights, but the Group of Seven (or Eight) often infringe upon the sovereignty of poor, weak countries of the Third World. Their talk about human rights, freedom and democracy is designed only to safeguard the interests of the strong, rich countries which take advantage of their strength to bully weak countries, and which pursue hegemony and practice power politics
Chinese view on sovereignty and the diplomatic efforts to push the "human rights agenda."
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China is not a superpower and will not seek to be one. If one day China should change her color and turn into a superpower, if she too should play the tyrant in the world and should subject others to her bullying, aggression and expolitation .. the people of the world would oppose it, expose it and work together with the Chinese people to overthrow it
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6a
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Untitled Slide
- US: Every problem has a solution
- China: Each solution will lead to new problems
Kissinger "On China":-
Chinese ascribe no particular significance to the process of negotiation as such; nor do they consider the opening of a particular negotiation as a transformational event.
Chinese ascribe no particular significance to the process of negotiation as such; nor do they consider the opening of a particular negotiation as a transformational event.
Photo by Wonderlane
Untitled Slide
- US seeks an outcome responding to immediate circumstances
- China concentrates on evolutionary change
Kissinger "On China"
Chinese "patiently take the long view against impatient interlocutors, making time their ally."
Chinese "patiently take the long view against impatient interlocutors, making time their ally."
Photo by archer10 (Dennis) REPOSTING
Untitled Slide
- US: Focus on deliverables
- China: set out general principles
Kissinger "On China"
"American diplomacy generally prefers the specific over the general, the practical over the abstract.
"American diplomacy generally prefers the specific over the general, the practical over the abstract.
Untitled Slide
- US: End result should be contract or agreement
- China: End result should be an understanding
Kissinger "On China"
The Chinese "have no emotional difficulty with deadlocks; the consider them the inevitable mechanism of diplomacy."
American diplomacy "is urged to be "flexible"; it feels an obligation to break deadlocks with new proposals"
The Chinese "have no emotional difficulty with deadlocks; the consider them the inevitable mechanism of diplomacy."
American diplomacy "is urged to be "flexible"; it feels an obligation to break deadlocks with new proposals"
Relationships and "All-weather" friends
- Chinese place a premium on relationships
- "Guanxi"
- All weather friends - Pakistan, North Korea
Kissinger "On China"
The "emphasis on personal relationships goes beyond the tactical. Chinese diplomacy has learned from millennia of experience that, in international issues, each apparent solution is generally an admission ticket to a new set of related problems. Hence Chinese diplomats consider continuity of relationships an important task and perhaps more important than formal documents."
Americans "also prize good relations. The difference is that Chinese leaders relate the "friendship" less to personal qualities and more to long term cultural, national or historic ties; Americans stress the individual qualities of their counterparts. Chinese protestations of friendship seek durability for long-term relationships through the cultivation of intangibles; American equivalents attempt to facilitate ongoing activities by emphasis on social contact. And Chinese leaders will pay some (though not unlimited) price for the reputation of standing by their friends.."
The "emphasis on personal relationships goes beyond the tactical. Chinese diplomacy has learned from millennia of experience that, in international issues, each apparent solution is generally an admission ticket to a new set of related problems. Hence Chinese diplomats consider continuity of relationships an important task and perhaps more important than formal documents."
Americans "also prize good relations. The difference is that Chinese leaders relate the "friendship" less to personal qualities and more to long term cultural, national or historic ties; Americans stress the individual qualities of their counterparts. Chinese protestations of friendship seek durability for long-term relationships through the cultivation of intangibles; American equivalents attempt to facilitate ongoing activities by emphasis on social contact. And Chinese leaders will pay some (though not unlimited) price for the reputation of standing by their friends.."
Photo by Clay Gilliland
PRE-NEGOTIATIONS VERY IMPORTANT
Chinese like to determine, in advance, through careful questioning, the redlines or irreducibles, and then present a position, which they will stick to
Source:
Kissinger - On China
Cohen - Negotiating Across Cultures
Kissinger - On China
Cohen - Negotiating Across Cultures
Photo by _dennis_
Untitled Slide
Source:
Kissinger - On China
Cohen - Negotiating Across Cultures
Kissinger - On China
Cohen - Negotiating Across Cultures
7
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Nixon Visit to China
- First such negotiation on the basis of equality
- Background - Cold War, Korea, Vietnam
- Bridge across Cultural divide, Ideological divide, Economic divide
- Eased China into world order
Photo by 0xFCAF
Untitled Slide
- FACE - would not admit to weakness
- Hardened and callous when it comes to human suffering
- Elliptical comments - speaking in parables
- Refusal to discuss details
- Understandings rather than agreements. Not "negotiations" in the western sense.
Photo by karen horton
Untitled Slide
- What do leaders discuss?
- Diplomacy at its purest. War or peace?
- The highest level of strategic thinking combining philosophy, strategy and history
- Impacts are at the macro-level: End of Cold War (USSR isolated); withdrawal from Vietnam; Co-existence in Asia
- Statesmanship - The effort is to understand the others position and limitations
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What pressure works?
- Add Face
- Appeal to Chinese values
- Clarity about Chinese objectives
- Polite, firm but non-escalatory attitude
- Uncertainty cuts both ways
- Endurance
"Zhou never bargained for petty points. I soon found out that the best way to deal with him was to present a reasonable position, explain it meticulously, and then stick to it."
Extract from Kissinger's "On China" on his negotiating philosophy with Zhou EnLai
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They expect us to be more respectful. They tell us countries big or small are equal, we are not a hegemon. But when we do something they don't like, they say you have made 1.3 billion people unhappy. When they make us unhappy? You know it is only a million unhappy. So please know your place.
These slides are about how some expatriate Chinese view China. It is important to study these in a value neutral manner to gain an insight into how a western influenced Chinese mind views some Chinese characteristics.
Photo by inrsoul
As China increasingly flexes its soft power, I can imagine that as a young Chinese person growing up in Singapore you will begin to look to China?
Expat Chinese from Singapore speaks
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If you go to China regularly, you will know that you are wrong. The more successful they are the more they will treat you with condescension... Never open an office there, you become one of them. They will just order you around. You cannot go back to China if you are not born and raised there.
Photo by Daniel Peckham
10
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1965
- US & CHINA MORTAL ENEMIES
- ALMOST NO CONTACT
- TENSIONS BETWEEN USSR AND CHINA
- MAO SPEAKS TO EDGAR SNOW
From Kissinger's "On China"
Mao tells Edgar Snow "I personally regret the forces of history that have divided and separated the Chinese and American peoples from all communication during the past 15 years"
The Americans miss the signal
Mao tells Edgar Snow "I personally regret the forces of history that have divided and separated the Chinese and American peoples from all communication during the past 15 years"
The Americans miss the signal
Photo by mrnathannelson
1969
Nixon and Kissinger decide to reach out to China to (a) break the Communist camp and (b) soften the blow of retreat from Vietnam
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1969
The problem was how to communicate with the Chinese
Photo by keithreifsnyder
US STARTS SIGNALLING
- JULY 1969 - Trade Embargo and Travel restrictions relaxed unilaterally
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JULY 1969
China releases two yachtsmen who had been arrested after straying into Chinese waters
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AUGUST 1969
- NIXON USES INTERMEDIARIES
- RUMANIAN PRESIDENT CUSEASCAU
- PAKISTAN PRESIDENT YAHYA KHAN
- SECRETARY OF STATE ROGERS MAKES A SPEECH ON DESIRE TO IMPROVE RELATIONS WITH CHINA
Photo by chrismar
Aug 1969
Kissinger requests Pak Ambassador in DC, Agha Hilaly, whose brother was Ambassador in China, to pass on a message to Yahya Khan who in turn would pass onto the Chinese IN ABSOLUTE SECRECY
Note the secrecy and use of channels outside the State Department
Photo by darthdowney
Sep 1969
US Ambassador in Warsaw instructed to inform Chinese Ambassador about desire for high level contact. Nothing happened. When US Ambassador tried to contact Chinese in social setting later, the Chinese diplomat "fled."
Photo by archer10 (Dennis) (66M Views)
Dec 1969
US Ambassador in Warsaw receives an invitation to visit Chinese Embassy
Photo by archer10 (Dennis) (66M Views)
Jan 1970
US Ambassador in Warsaw told that "talks may continue at the ambassadorial level or may be conducted at a higher level"
Photo by archer10 (Dennis) (66M Views)
June 1970
US Defence Attache in Paris instructed to approach Chinese counterpart. Chinese counterpart avoids contact
Photo by alfieianni.com
Oct 1970
Nixon reaches out to Chinese again through Ceausescu and Yahya Khan during UN General Assembly
Photo by Hobbes vs Boyle
Dec 1970
Kissinger receives a handwritten message from Zhou to Nixon. The note had been carried by Yahya Khan and passed onto Agha Hilaly. Kissinger responds
Photo by darthdowney
Dec 1970
Mao gives an interview to Edgar Snow
Photo by torbakhopper
Jan 1971
Message received through Rumanian Ambassador in DC about conversation between Rumanian Vice
Photo by archer10 (Dennis) (66M Views)
April 1971
Ping pong diplomacy. The US table tennis team is suddenly invited to Beijing
Photo by OliBac
April 1971
Another super-secret note through Yahya and Agha Hilaly inviting Special Envoy of US President or even US President to Beijing.
Kissinger accepts
Note that the State Department and other US Government agencies were completely in the dark about these communications.
Kissinger goes into great detail about the opposition from the US State Department to reaching out to China.
Kissinger goes into great detail about the opposition from the US State Department to reaching out to China.
Photo by schaazzz
May 1971
Nixon responds through a note carried by Agha Hilaly that Kissinger will visit Beijing and that he could go to China.
Photo by Bob Jagendorf
Logistics of Kissingers trip to China are worked out personally by Kissingers staff, the Pakistanis, Chinese and the US Ambassador in Islamabad Joseph Farland ( a political appointee)
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SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUE
- Unique diplomatic instrument
- Issued during President Nixons historic visit
- Negotiated directly by Kissinger and Zhou
- Unique format - both sides state positions separately at the beginning on issues they disagree
- Then state issues they agree upon
This is counter-intuitive when it comes to a "Joint" Communique or a contract. They are agreements. This is not an agreement. It is an understanding.
The process had begun with Kissinger presenting a draft Joint communique. Normally, the other side proposes amendments or additions/deletions and then a process of give and take ensues.
The Chinese responded by putting forward a draft that stated Chinese positions in uncompromising language. It left blank pages for the American position. That is why " a communique issued on Chinese soil and published by Chinese media enabled America to affirm its commitment to individual freedom...."
China "was not afraid to avow its differences with America."
"By signing a document containing both perspectives each side was effectively calling an ideological truce" and underscoring areas where there was convergence.
The process had begun with Kissinger presenting a draft Joint communique. Normally, the other side proposes amendments or additions/deletions and then a process of give and take ensues.
The Chinese responded by putting forward a draft that stated Chinese positions in uncompromising language. It left blank pages for the American position. That is why " a communique issued on Chinese soil and published by Chinese media enabled America to affirm its commitment to individual freedom...."
China "was not afraid to avow its differences with America."
"By signing a document containing both perspectives each side was effectively calling an ideological truce" and underscoring areas where there was convergence.
Photo by leniners
