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STUDENT REP NOMINATIONS

BRUTAL BODY CONTACT

• Common in certain sports & accepted as part of their sport
• Physical contact would be seen as extreme outside of the game
• Eg collisions, hits, tackles, blocks, body checks

BORDERLINE VIOLENCE

• Practices that violate rules but accepted by most players
• Conforms to the norms of the sports ethic
• Often expected but may spark retaliation
• Sanctions and fines not usually severe
• Egs include Beamer bowl, forceful knee in tackle

QUASI-CRIMINAL VIOLENCE

• Practices that violate the rules & informal norms
• Often break public laws
• Fines and suspensions are usually imposed
• Most players condemn & see as poor sportsmanship
• Egs cheap shots, late hits, spear tackles

CRIMINAL VIOLENCE

• Practices clearly outside the law
• Condemned without question and often prosecuted
• Egs premeditated assaults, serious enough to maim or kill

Useful categories HOWEVER remember the lines shift over time as norms change (netball)

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DO WE CELEBRATE VIOLENCE IN SPORT?

WOMENS RUGBY VS MENS

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1. If spectators perceive players actions as violent, they are more likely to engage in violent acts (Smith, 1983)

1. Highly identified fans are more likely to link their teams performance to their emotions (Wann, 2004)

1. The calls made by officials also have a bearing on spectator violence

2.

HOOLIGANISM

3. Sports do not occur in vacuums. Spectators take their histories, issues ideologies and cultures with them

3. They may be racists who identify targets, they may want to reaffirm their national identity, they may resent their negative circumstances, they may be looking to be noticed etc

3. Some of the worst spectator violence has been grounded in racial tensions.

3. Nearly all crowd violence affects men. Females may become involved in fights but this is rare.

Crowd violence can be considered a gender, social class and racial issue

"There is a link between major sporting events and increased sexual, physical and emotional violence against women, a link that has already been identified by NZ police" (Hager & Neville, 2011)

Explained in 2 ways: Hyper-masculinity and resulting peer behaviors, excessive alcohol consumption

One has to be socialized into participating in much of the violence commonplace in sport, however males often view aggression within sport as legitimate and natural

Instinct theory

• Assumes innate predisposition to violence
• Sport seen as impt outlet (carthasis) -safety valve
• Argues violence might otherwise be expressed in society

BUT...

• People who don't play sport are not more violent
• If true would expect cultures with contact sport to be less violent
• The theory does not account for socialization and learning
• Some research suggests watching violence can increase tendency

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY

CONFLICT THEORY

FEMINIST THEORY

CRITICAL THEORY