public speaking

REASONING

REASONING
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

REASONING FROM SPECIFIC INSTANCES
Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

REASONING FROM PRINCIPLE

REASONING FROM PRINCIPLE
Reasoning that moves from a general purpose to a specific conclusion

CAUSAL REASONING

CAUSAL REASONING
Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

ANALOGICAL REASONING

ANALOGICAL REASONING
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

fallacies

FALLACY
An error in reasoning

Hasty Generalization

False Cause

Invalid Analogy

Bandwagon

Red Herring

Ad Hominem

Either-Or

Slippery Slope

Appeal to Tradition

Appeal to Novelty

Appealing to EMotionS

PATHOS
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

EMOTIONAL APPEALS

• Fear
• Compassion
• Pride

EMOTIONAL APPEALS

• Anger
• Guilt
• Reverence

How do you generate
emotional appeal?

USE EMOTIONAL LANGUAGE

DEVELOP VIVID EXAMPLES

SPEAK WITH
SINCERITY AND CONVICTION

What about
Ethics and Emotional Appeal?

Break into your groups

KINDS OF REASONING

• Reasoning from specific instances
• Reasoning from principle
• Causal reasoning
• Analogical reasoning