NATION-STATES

• England
• France
• Germany- Holy Roman Empire

1) England: Gained power through their many diverse leaders and various conflicts surrounding them..

KING JOHN OF ENGLAND

KING JOHN OF ENGLAND...

• Approved Magna Carta
• Feud w/ Pope Innocent III
• Pope Innocent excommunicated him to show power
• Lost land to Augustus (France) in the Battle of the Bouviers

HENRY II OF ENGLAND

• Inherited power
• Wanted to extend royal power
• Claim to try clergy—strengthen ports
• Archbishop Thomas Becket opposed his views
• Henry's knights murdered Arch. Becket

WILLIAM THE CONQUERER OF ENGLAND

• Consolidated the royal power of lords
• Consolidate - make (something) physically stronger or more solid

PHILIP THE FAIR IV OF FRANCE

• Inherited power after death of brother
• Went to war w/ Edward I
• Thought kings should have absolute power
• Pope threatened to excommunicate him
• Fought with Boniface — sent people to kill him

POPE BONIFACE OF THE CHURCH

POPE BONIFACE OF THE CHURCH

• Did not want extra taxes on the clergy— Bull of 1206
• Tried to defend church liberties— launched brutal crusade
• Philip IV hired "thugs" to beat him up
• He escaped and later died
• His death caused Italian conflict and pope rivalry

CAPETIANS OF FRANCE

OTTO OF GERMANY

• First king
• Crowned emperor by the bishops of that time
• Crowned in 962

HENRY IV OF GERMANY

FREDRICK II OF GERMANY

• Neglected Germany
• Nobles gained more power without him there
• Spent most of his time in Italy

THE QUESTION REMAINS...

FRANCE WAS THE MOST POWERFUL!💪