Participles/Ablative Absolutes

Present active particple

• Need infintive
• Take away -re
• Add -ns, -ntis
• Stem changes to -ntis
• Translated as " _____ing" ex. Vocans, Vocantis

Present active Participles (3rd io/ 4th)

• For 3rd io/4th add -ie- before -nt
• ex. Capiens, Capientis
• Everything else is the same

Perfect passive participle

• 4th P.P.
• "having been _____ed"
• 1/2 decl. adj. (-us, -a, -um)
• ex. Iussus, -a, -um

Future active participle

• "about to _____"
• 4th p.p. w/urus
• It the 4th p.p. had a -ur don't add another one
• ex. curro, currere, cucerri, cursurus
• ex. The slave about to work prepares his tools.

Ablative absolute

• Participle + Noun (both ablative) 
• Usually at the beginning of the sentence
• Explains circumstance of the rest of the sentence
• Translation will NOT start with the noun or particple
• When translating, begin with because, since, when, after, or while (SWWAB)

Examples of ablative absolute

• Puero legente, librum ridet saepissime.
• Since the boy is reading a book he smiles very often.