Literary Theories
Published on Nov 24, 2015
No Description
MORE DECKS TO EXPLORE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Literary Theories
You need to know how a person thinks before knowing how he or she acts.
Photo by Rob Swatski
observable and measurable aspects of human behavior.
Photo by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center
it is actions, rather than thoughts or emotions, which are the legitimate object of study.
Photo by jessica.diamond
Change happens from conditioning
Photo by David..Hunt
Behavioral change occurs for a reason; students work for things that bring them positive feelings, and for approval from people they admire.
Photo by Simon Greig Photo
Skinner's learning theory relied on the assumption that the best way to modify behavior was to modify the environment. Skinner was a proponent for many instructional strategies that modern day “progressive” educational reformers advocate for: scaffold instruction, small units, repetition and review of instructions, and immediate feedback
Photo by Muffet
Skinner did not endorse punishment in the schools
Photo by lars hammar
Classroom Situation
Mr. Greene has a problem, and her name is Cynthia. She's rude, disruptive, and never does her homework. He's pulling his hair out to try to get her to do what she's supposed to. What can he do?
Photo by riaskiff
Reinforcement is meant to increase a good behavior; it's like a reward. So if Cynthia comes in and sits down quietly at her desk and Mr. Greene gives her a piece of candy, the candy is reinforcement for the behavior of sitting quietly. It's meant to encourage Cynthia to do that more often.
On the other hand, a punishment is meant to decrease bad behavior. For example, if Cynthia does not do her homework, calling her parents might be a punishment that Mr. Greene can do to discourage skipping homework in the future.
Photo by Andy M Taylor
Constructivism
Photo by russian_constructivism
People construct their own knowledge
Photo by archer10 (Dennis) (52M Views)
Experience and Reflection
Photo by martinak15
Groups of students in a science class are discussing a problem in physics. Though the teacher "knows" the answer to the problem, she focuses on helping students restate the questions. She prompts them to reflect and use their own knowledge to respond.
Photo by neistridlar
Sociolinguistics
Photo by scatterkeir
To a great extent, the language used by teachers and students in classrooms determines what is learned and how learning takes place. The classroom is a unique context for learning and exerts a profound effect on students’ development of language and literacy skills, particularly in the early years. Some have argued strongly that students should have significant opportunities to integrate oral and written language in the classroom, because these experiences support and encourage the development of literacy.
Photo by Steve A Johnson
Untitled Slide
Photo by ransomtech
Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory, which views learning as both socially based and integrated, has played a major role in guiding the research in this area. Hence, studies of classroom language and literacy learning generally assume the following:
Learning is a social activity -- interpersonal behaviors are the basis for new conceptual understandings.
Learning is integrated --- strong interrelationships exist between oral and written language learning.
Learning requires student interaction and engagement in classroom activities -- engaged students are motivated to learn and have the best chance of achieving full communicative competence across the broad spectrum of language and literacy skills.
Photo by StockMonkeys.com
Untitled Slide
Photo by catherinecronin
sweeping educational change....language as a means of social action
Photo by ajagendorf25
Humans process information with amazing efficiency and often perform better than highly sophisticated machines at tasks such as problem solving and critical thinking (Halpern, 2003; Kuhn, 1999). Yet despite the remarkable capabilities of the human mind, it was not until the 20th century that researchers developed systematic models of memory, cognition, and thinking. The best articulated and most heavily researched model is the information processing model (IPM), developed in the early 1950s. By Gregory Schraw | Matthew McCrudden
Photo by courosa
Activating existing knowledge prior to instruction, or providing a visual diagram of how information is organized, is one of the best ways to facilitate learning new information. Constructing inferences involves making connections between separate concepts. Elaboration refers to increasing the meaningfulness of information by connecting new information to ideas already known.
Photo by Robert S. Donovan
As you study literacy, what theory do you work from when working with students?
Photo by stephenjohnbryde
