Trait & Social-Cognitive Luis Lopez & Lane Brown
Published on Nov 24, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Traits
-Trait theory, approach is one of the largest areas within personality psychology.
-According to this theory, personality is made up of a number of broad traits.
-A trait is basically a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways.
-Some of the best known trait theories include Eysenck's three-dimension theory and the five factor theory of personality.
Photo by Werner Kunz
Beginning Of Traits
-Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits, which he sometimes referred to as dispositions.
-In his approach, central traits are basic to an individual's personality, whereas secondary traits are more peripheral.
-Common traits are those recognized within a culture and may vary between cultures.
-Cardinal traits are those by which an individual may be strongly recognized
Photo by Peter Rivera
Raymond Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
-Trait theorist Raymond Cattell reduced the number of main personality traits from Allport’s initial list of over 4,000 traits down to 171 Traits, & mostly by eliminating uncommon traits and combining common characteristics.
-Next, Cattell rated a large sample of individuals for these 171 different traits.
-Then, using a statistical technique known as factor analysis, he identified closely related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits.
-According to Cattell, these 16 traits are the source of all human personality & also developed one of the most widely used personality assessments known as the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.
Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality
Hans Eysenck, British psychologist developed a model of personality based upon just three universal trails
Introversion/Extraversion:
Introversion, involves directing attention on inner experiences, while extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment. So, a person high in introversion for example might be quiet and reserved, while an individual high in extraversion might be sociable and outgoing.
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Neuroticism/Emotional Stability:
This dimension of Eysenck’s trait theory is related to moodiness versus even-temperedness side of traits. Neuroticism refers to an individual’s tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant.
Psychoticism:
Later, after studying individuals suffering from mental illness, Eysenck added a personality dimension he called psychoticism to his trait theory. Individuals who are high on this trait tend to have a difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic and manipulative, very dangerous.
Photo by Werner Kunz
The "Big Five" Personality Traits
-Conscientious
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism [Emotional Stability Vs Instability]
-Openness
- Extraversion
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THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Photo by John Lemieux
What is Social-Cognitive Perspective...?
-Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits [ including their thinking & their social context.
-Personality proposed by Albert Bandura
-Much as nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
-Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing others & modeling our behavior after theirs.
Photo by Swami Stream
Reciprocal Influences
-Bandura views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal determinism ( interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
-The environmental component is made up of the physical surroundings around the individual that contains potentially reinforcing stimuli, including people who are present or absent.
-The individual component includes all the characteristics that have been rewarded in the past.
-the behavior itself is something that may or may not be reinforced at any given time.
Photo by Tony Fischer Photography
Personal Control
-In studying how we interact with our environment, social-cognitive psychologist emphasize our sense of personal control- weather we learn to see ourselves as controlling, or as controlled by our environment.
-Psychologist have two basic ways to study the effect of personal control
-Correlate people's feeling of control with their behaviors achievements
Experiment, by raising or lowering people's sense of control and noting the effects
Photo by Billy Wilson Photography
Internal Versus External Locus Of Control
-External locus of control, the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate.
-Internal locus of control, perception that you can control your own fate.
Photo by Frank Wuestefeld
Connection with Trait ?
-Comment traits? For example I celebrate Christmas way differently then other skin colors, or nationalities do. Not only with the entertainment p, but also with the food & the atmosphere & religion.
-Cardinal traits, for example all Mexican decent were ponchos and ride donkeys, stereotypical but a cardinal trait.
Photo by onkel_wart (thomas lieser)
Connections with Social-Cognitive?
-External locus of control? For example we pray to god to help us, to guide us in our everyday decisions, god being the outside force beyond our control.
-Internal Locus of control? For example, life as a whole could be an example of internal locus because you do control your life nor your parents nor anyone else but, wether you go left or right that's all on your hands controlling your own fate, destiny.
Photo by Halo Efekti
