MACROMOLECULES

PROTEIN

• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Proteins are formed from the linkage of monomers called amino acids.
• Proteins perform a vast array of functions, that includes DNA replication, transporting molecules and responding to stimuli.
• Proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells.
• Biological catalysts, hair, skin, and muscles, are made mostly of proteins.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

• Proteins also composed of 20 different types of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.
• Proteins are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Proteins have four levels of structure which are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.
• In secondary structure the primary structure can be folded into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
• A tertiary structure is composed of one subunit while a quaternary structure is composed of two subunits.

PROTEIN'S JOB

• There are six different types of functions that proteins perform.
• These include storage, transport, regulatory, movement, structural,and enzymes.
• Some examples are albumin, or an egg white involved in storage, and hemoglobin, which is involved in transport.
• Other examples include hormones, which are involved in regulatory, and muscles, which involve movement.
• Also hair and nails, which involve structure, and enzymes which deal with cellular reaction.

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LIPID

• Lipids is the general term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
• Lipids are non polar and are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
• Also lipids store the most energy.
• Lipids serve as waxy coverings on plants, pigment, and steroids.
• Lipids have more carbon than hydrogen atoms.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

• Lipids are composed of triglycerides which have one glycerol and three fatty acids.
• Lipids are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
• The fatty acid chains that make up the triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated.
• Saturated meaning it only has single bonds between carbons, and unsaturated meaning it contains atleast one double bond.
• A carboxylate group is found on the ends of the fatty acid chains.

FUNCTION

• Lipids have a total of six different functions.
• Lipids protect against heat loss, physical shock, and water loss.
• Lipids are chemical messengers like hormones.
• Also a phospholipid is one of the main structures of a cell membrane.
• Lipids also serve in long term energy storage.

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CARBOHYDRATE

• Carbohydrates are small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
• Carbohydrates have a ratio of one carbon to two hydrogens to one oxygen.
• Carbohydrates can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides.
• In carbohydrate "carbo" refers to carbon, and "hydrate" refers to water.
• These are primary E sources for all cells.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

• Carbohydrates have three subunits which are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• A monosaccharide is a one sugar unit like glucose, galactose, ands fructose.
• A disaccharide is a two sugar unit like sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
• A polysaccharide is many sugar units like starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
• Carbohydrates are composed of the elements hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

FUNCTION

• Carbohydrates are used by the body for energy support.
• Carbohydrates are also used for structural support.
• Carbohydrates are also primary E sources for cells.

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NUCLEIC ACID

• Nucleic acids are very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell.
• There are two major types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

• Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.
• DNA is a double helix while RNA is a single strand.
• There are three different groups of nucleotides the phosphate group, pentode sugar, and nitrogenous base.
• Some examples of a nitrogenous base are adenine and thymine.
• Nucleic acids are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

FUNCTION

• Nucleus acids carries the genetic information in cells.
• DNA contains all the instructions for making every protein.
• RNA copies and transfers genetic information so that proteins can be made.
• APT is a high energy molecule made from nucleotides.
• ATP also has three phosphates.

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