Digital Divide/Inequality
- Divide: Refers to differences between advantaged and disadvantaged digital technology users.
- Inequality: Refers to a more detailed array of inequality regarding skills needed to access and employ technology.
Speaker Notes:
• “The digital divide or digital inequality originally described the gap between advantaged and disadvantaged computer users and nonusers in the United States and often focused on socioeconomic differences primarily regarding use of the Internet (A. van Deursen, J. van Dijk, 2013).
• “The Matthew effect, whereby the “rich get richer” (Helsper, 2012; van Dijk, 2005, Chapter6, pp. 96-130
• Similar to the Matthew effect is the knowledge gap hypothesis (Rogers, 2003; Selwyn, 2004; Tichenor, Donohue, & Olien, 1970). Even though eventually almost everyone might benefit from a resource such as the Internet, those with the most resources (status, cognition, education, income, access) adopt first, have and gain more skills, and use more and different activities more effectively. They thus obtain earlier and more benefits, thereby increasing, rather than reducing, knowledge gaps in society (van Dijk, 2005, Chapter 6).
• “three different sociological perspectives on sociodemographic disparities affecting online activity.”
• The first is conflict/economic, in which Internet usage and benefits are (scarce) assets.
• The second is cultural, where status inequalities are represented in resources, power, lifestyle, and social networks; so Internet usage and benefits are a lifestyle.
• The third is functionalist, where Internet usage and benefits are incentives.
• two main categories: technology and content.
• The first is technology, specifically hardware and software.
• The second is content. There is likely less practical Internet information relevant to, and at the accessible reading level of, lower-status and ethnic and cultural minorities, and in nonmajor languages.
• Autonomy of Use: The freedom to use technologies when, where and how one wishes
• Online Skill: The ability to use the Internet effectively and efficiently
• (Eszter Hargittai, “New Economy Handbook” edited by Derek C. Jones. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 2003.)