TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BY DANNY RAMEY

• Trinidad and Tobago lie in the Caribbean Sea off the northeast coast of Venezuela. Trinidad, the larger at 1,864 sq mi (4,828 sq km), is mainly flat and rolling, with mountains in the north that reach a height of 3,085 ft (940 m) at Mount Aripo. Tobago, at just 116 sq mi (300 sq km), is heavily forested with hardwood trees. Government Parliamentary democracy. History When Trinidad was explored by Columbus in 1498, it was inhabited by the Arawaks; Carib Indians inhabited Tobago. Trinidad remained in Spanish possession, despite raids by other European nations, until it was ceded to Britain in 1802. Tobago passed between Britain and France several times, but it was ultimately given to Britain in 1814. Slavery was abolished in 1834. Between 1845 and 1917, thousands of indentured workers were brought from India to work on sugarcane plantations. In 1889 Trinidad and Tobago were made a single colony. Partial self-government was instituted in 1925, and from 1958 to 1962 the nation was part of the West Indies Federation. On Aug. 31, 1962, it gained independence and on Aug. 1, 1976, Trinidad and Tobago became a republic, remaining within the Commonwealth. While the country is a stable democracy and enjoys the highest living standards in the Caribbean thanks to oil revenue, tension between East Indians and blacks has underlined much of political life. In 1970 the tension was the underlying cause of riots, protests, and an army mutiny for the end of foreign influence over the economy. These events prompted a state of emergency which lasted for two years. Eric Williams, “Father of the Nation” and leader of the People's National Movement (PNM), which is largely supported by blacks, governed from 1956 until his death in 1981. In Dec. 1986 the multiracial National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), based in Tobago, won a parliamentary majority, promising to sell most state-owned companies, reorganize the civil service, and reduce dependence on oil. In 1990, to protest the NAR government, some 100 radical black Muslims blew up the police station in an attempted coup, in which the prime minister and other officials were held hostage for six days. The NAR was defeated in 1991, and the PNM returned to power. In 1995, the East Indian–based party, the United National Congress (UNC), led by Basdeo Panday, formed a coalition government with the NAR. In 2000, Panday narrowly won another term. In Dec. 2001 elections, the governing UNC Party and the PNM Party gained 18 seats each. The two parties agreed to allow President Robinson to select the prime minister to end the impasse. But when Robinson chose Patrick Manning of the PNM because of his “moral and spiritual values,” the opposition angrily called for new elections. In the Oct. 2002 elections, Manning's party declared victory. Maxwell Richards, a university dean, was selected president by parliament in 2003. In April 2006, former prime minister Panday was sentenced to two years in prison for committing fraud in public office. Richards, running unopposed, was reelected in February 2008.

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• Prime Minister Manning called early elections in 2010 to prevent a no-confidence vote against him, and the People's Partnership coalition won 29 of 41 seats in the May vote. The ruling People's National Movement took 12 seats, bringing to an end four decades in power. Kamla Persad-Bissessar became the country's first female prime minister.

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• Anthony Carmona Succeeds George Maxwell Richards as President On February 3, 2013, Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar announced the ruling party's nomination of Anthony Carmona to succeed President George Maxwell Richards. The Opposition People's National Movement (PNM) party also supported the nomination, but questioned Carmona's eligibility since he left the country from 2001 to 2004, pointing out that a president must live in the country for a full ten years prior to being elected. Government officials met with legal experts and they determined that Carmona was eligible. Carmona assumed office on March 18, 2013. He had previously served as a Judge of the International Criminal Court and on the Supreme Court of Trinidad and Tobago. In the 2015 parliamentary elections, Keith Rowley led his People's National Movement party to victory, winning 23 of 41 seats. Leader of the opposition since 2010, Rowley became prime minister on Sept. 9, 2015. See also Encyclopedia: Trinidad and Tobago . U.S. State Dept. Country Notes: Trinidad and Tobago 1 2 3

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• Carnival as it is celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago is also celebrated in cities worldwide.These including Toronto's Caribana, Miami's Miami Carnival, Houston Carifest, London's Notting Hill Carnival as well as New York City's Labor Day Carnival to name a few.

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• Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs) West Indian manatee. Nine-banded armadillo. Silky anteater. Brazilian porcupine. Risso's dolphin. Tayra. Collared peccary.

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• Souse. Souse is really pig feet, also known as trotters, or chicken feet which are first boiled then pickled in a sauce spiked with lime juice, pimento peppers and hot peppers and scattered with wafer thin cucumber and onion slices. ... Corn soup. ... Chow. ... Bake and shark. ... Black pudding. ... Doubles. ... Crab and dumpling. ... Roti.

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• Jump to Languages - English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is Trinidadian English or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two English-based creole languages (Trinidadian Creole or Tobagonian Creole), which reflects ... Vernacular language‎: ‎Trinidadian Creole and Tobagonian Creole‎ Capital‎: ‎Port of Spain‎; 10°17′N 61°28′W / 10.283°N 61.467°W‎ Largest city‎: ‎Chaguanas‎ Government‎: ‎Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic‎

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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO FLAG

• Designed by Carlisle Chang (1921–2001), the flag of Trinidad and Tobago was chosen by the independence committee of 1962. Red, black and white symbolise fire (the sun, representing courage), earth (representing dedication) and water (representing purity and equality).

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This is some food they eat

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• Year Population Yearly % Change 2016 1,364,973 0.36 % 2015 1,360,088 0.48 % 2010 1,328,095 0.48 % 2005 1,296,933 0.45 % 12 more rows Trinidad and Tobago Population (2017) - Worldometers Worldometers › world-population › trini...

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• However, there are other Natural disasters that not only affect Trinidad and Tobago but also many of the islands of the Caribbean. These are Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Floods, Tornadoes, Bomb threats, Civil protection, Oil spills, Chemical accidents and Air crashes.

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• The Great Courland Bay Monument in Tobago commemorates the Courland colonization of the Americas French attack on the British island of Tobago in 1781 with text. French painting from 1784. Christopher Columbus first sighted Tobago in 1498. Subsequently, several powers fought over possession of the island.[2] The original Island Carib population had to defend the island against other Amerindian tribes.[citation needed] Then, during the late 1500s and early 1600s, the natives defended it from European colonists, including 1654, including an attempt by the Courlanders, who colonised the island intermittently between 1637-1690. Over the ensuing years, the Curonians (Duchy of Courland), Dutch, English, French, Spanish and Swedish had caused Tobago to become a focal point in repeated attempts, of colonisation, which led to the island having changed hands 33 times, the most in Caribbean history, before the Treaty of Paris ceded it to the British in 1814. From about 1672, during the temporary British rule of 1672-1674,[3] Tobago had a period of stability during which plantation culture began.[citation needed] Sugar, cotton and indigo factories sprang up and Africans were imported[by whom?] to work as slaves. The economy flourished. France had abandoned the island to Britain in 1763,[4] and by 1777 Tobago was exporting great quantities of cotton, indigo, rum and sugar. But in 1781, the French re-invaded Tobago, and destroyed the plantations, and forced the British governor to surrender. The island's buoyant economy fell into decline.[citation needed] In 1814, when the island again came under British control, another phase of successful sugar-production began.[citation needed] But a severe hurricane in 1847, combined with the collapse of plantation underwriters, marked the end of the sugar trade. In 1889 the island became a ward of Trinidad. Without sugar, the islanders had to grow other crops, planting acres of limes, coconuts and cocoa and exporting their produce to Trinidad. In 1963 Hurricane Flora ravaged Tobago, destroying the villages and crops. A restructuring programme followed and attempts were made[by whom?] to diversify the economy. The development of a tourist industry began.[citation needed] Government Edit Local Government and Central Government functions in Tobago are handled by the Tobago House of Assembly. The current Chief Secretary of the THA is Kelvin Charles. The People's National Movement controls 10 of the 12 seats in the Assembly, with the Progressive Democratic Patriots led by union leader Watson Duke controlling two seats since the 23 January 2017 election.[5]

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• Religion in Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is a multi-religious nation. The largest religious groups are the Protestant Christians (including Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodist, Evangelicals, Pentecostals and Baptist), Roman Catholic Christians, Hindus; and Muslims.

CRIME STATS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

• 1994 to Present, Crime Statistics Year: Murders: Kidnap**: Notes: 1994 143 1995 122 1996 106 1997 101 1998 98 1999 93 15 were female 2000 118 24 were female 2001 151 2002 171 29 2003 229 51 2004 260 28 2005 386 58 117 murders were in the POS District with 70 in the Western District 2006 368 17 2007 395 155 2008 550 11 Big increase in the number of murders. A significant drop in kidnappings for ransom 2009 509 6 2010 485 4 The month of June had the highest number of murders for the year: 55 2011 354* 2 January and July had the highest number of murders at 46 in each month 2012 383 5 According to the police the murder total for 2012 may be lower (to be verified) 2013 408 3 Woundings and shootings 542; 2014 403 2 Woundings and shootings 558. Sexual offenses: 829 2015 410 3 2016 463 0 Murder rate going back up. 2017 172 ? 0 * This figure is with a State of Emergency being imposed by government for approximately three months. ** Kidnapping for ransom figures only - other types of kidnapping may make this number higher. Sometimes what was originally seen as a kidnapping turned out to be another sort of crime Other Crime Statistics Year: Theft*: Rape**: Notes: 2008 4,483 670 2009 5,535 642 A significant increase in break-ins / burglaries 2010 5,007 632 2014 2592 829 Robberies: 2672 * Burglaries and break-ins only. ** Includes incest and other sexual offenses Reported Serious Crimes 1990 (16,202), 1991 (16,157), 1992 (17,680), 1993 (19,547), 1994 (18,614), 1995 (16,783), 1996 (18,093), 1997 (16,989), 1998 (15,796), 1999 (16,260), and 2000 (17,132), and 2001 (17,133)

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VIDEO GAMES

• Ashes Cricket 2009 is a cricket video game developed by Transmission Games and published by Codemasters in the UK and by Atari in Australia. It has been released for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. A Wii version, developed by Gusto Games, has also been released. The Wii version was released simply as Cricket in Australia. A sequel, International Cricket 2010 was released on 18 June 2010. The game is licensed by the ECB (England and Wales Cricket Board), Cricket Australia and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), owners of the Ashes Urn. It includes all the official players of the Australian cricket team and the England cricket team, however the other teams are not licensed.

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• History Until 1888, Trinidad and Tobago were separate territories. Both have a history of repeated invasion and conquest by competing European powers. Trinidad, named Iere (probably meaning ‘humming bird’) by the Arawak inhabitants, was claimed for the Spanish Crown by Christopher Columbus in 1498. The embattled Spanish colony that developed was raided by the English, Dutch and French through the 17th century. Large-scale importation of African slaves enabled a plantation economy to develop. French Haitians (who were offered incentives by the Spanish Crown) swelled the settler population. In 1797, the island surrendered to a British expedition and became a British Crown colony in 1802. Slaves were emancipated in 1834, free trade adopted in 1846, and more than 150,000 immigrants from India, China and Madeira brought in between 1845 and 1917. These indentured labourers came on short contracts, after which they were free to return home or buy plots of land. The Indians worked mainly on the sugar plantations of the Caroni and Naparima plains and introduced the cultivation of rice there. Tobago’s name derives from the Carib word Tavaco, the pipe in which the Amerindians smoked tobacco leaves, and was inhabited by Caribs at the time of Columbus’s visit in 1498. These people had all been killed by 1632 when 300 Dutch settlers arrived. Further Dutch and French settlers followed. Tobago changed hands more frequently between 1650 and 1814 than any other Caribbean territory – ownership shifting from a settler (Cornelius Lampsius, declared owner and Baron of Tobago by Louis XIV of France) to the Duke of Courland, to a company of London merchants, to neutral status in 1748, to the English Crown by the Treaty of Paris of 1763. Even then, Tobago was fought over. The French captured it in 1781; the British took it back in 1793; the French regained it through the Treaty of Amiens (1802), but it was returned to the British in 1814. Despite these battles, Tobago was prosperous until its sugar industry was weakened by the abolition of slavery, a hurricane, the decline of West Indian sugar in general and the Belmanna riots. No longer viable as a separate colony, it was amalgamated with the larger island of Trinidad in 1888. The Spanish constitution was retained after Trinidad became a British Crown colony in 1802. The Governor was assisted by a council of advice and a cabildo elected by the taxpayers. The council of advice evolved into the nominated legislative council and the cabildo became Port of Spain’s town council. When Tobago was amalgamated with Trinidad in 1888, the laws of Trinidad were extended to the smaller island and, after a period, the revenues of the two islands were merged and Tobago’s debt to Trinidad cancelled. Tobago was administered by a commissioner (later a warden) appointed by the colony’s Governor. In the 1920s, the labour movement organised trade unions, and pressure increased for greater local democracy and then independence. A new constitution brought a limited form of electoral representation to Trinidad for the first time (Tobago had had elections before). But only seven of the 25 members were elected, and high property and language qualifications limited the vote. This did not satisfy the growing demand for political expression, which led to the 1937 labour disturbances, an increase in the number of elected members in 1941 and, in 1945, universal adult suffrage. In 1950, the constitution was redrawn, providing for a legislative council of 26 members, 18 of them elected; a policy-making executive council of nine (five elected by the legislative council), and a rudimentary ministerial system. Further constitutional changes followed, and by 1959, the legislative council had more elected members and an elected Speaker, and the ministerial system had developed into a cabinet elected from the legislative council. The Governor’s powers were circumscribed: he did not normally chair cabinet meetings, and had to act in accordance with the cabinet’s advice. The 1956 elections gave the majority to the People’s National Movement (PNM), led by Dr Eric Williams. Williams instituted further constitutional talks with the UK in 1959–60, resulting in full internal self-government and a bicameral legislature (nominated Senate and elected House of Representatives). The general election of 1961 was again won by the PNM, which implemented the new constitution. In 1958 Trinidad and Tobago became a co-founder of the Federation of the West Indies, which aimed to become an independent country, but Jamaica withdrew in 1961, and Trinidad and Tobago also decided to seek its own independence. Further constitutional talks with the UK began, and a draft constitution was drawn up after much consultation. The country became independent in August 1962, and a republic in 1976. The PNM under Williams (and after his death in 1981, George Chambers) had a long run of electoral successes. Economic conditions worsened in the early 1980s and the PNM was ousted in 1986 by a coalition of opposition parties, the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) led by A. N. R. Robinson. However, the coalition was troubled, and soon the United Labour Front (led by Basdeo Panday, Robinson’s deputy) quit the alliance to form the United National Congress (UNC). In July 1990, an attempted coup was staged by a militant Muslim faction, which stormed parliament and took Robinson and members of parliament hostage for five days and led to an outbreak of looting in poor areas of the capital. The hostages were released on the promise of an amnesty, but the NAR government was never able to recover and the PNM, under Patrick Manning, won an easy electoral victory in December 1991. The PNM lost its substantial majority at the November 1995 elections: it won 17 seats, exactly the same number as Panday’s UNC, while the NAR won two and thus held the balance of power. The NAR chose to support the UNC, which was then able to form a government, headed by Panday. Following the retirement of President Noor Hassanali, Robinson became the country’s President in February 1997. The UNC’s position was strengthened by divisions within the PNM. Although its leader, Patrick Manning, won a leadership contest in October 1996, his challenger received 40 per cent of the votes. Two PNM MPs subsequently left the party, becoming independents. Both later began to support the UNC and were appointed government ministers. Consequently, although the UNC–NAR coalition remained intact, the UNC had a parliamentary majority on its own from the middle of 1997. In June–July 1999, ten convicted murderers were hanged. These executions – the first since 1994 – had been delayed for several years by appeals to the Privy Council in the UK, and had only been carried out when the Privy Council had ruled that hanging was not in itself inhumane. The Caribbean Court of Justice was subsequently established in Port of Spain as the final court of appeal for CARICOM countries. In the December 2000 general election, the UNC was re-elected, winning 19 of the 36 elected seats, while PNM took 16 and NAR one; Panday continued as Prime Minister. However, the PNM immediately challenged the result on the grounds that two UNC candidates had had dual nationality. There was further controversy when the President was unwilling to appoint seven of Panday’s nominations to cabinet posts who had all been defeated in the elections. President Robinson finally gave way in February 2001 but the PNM’s challenge to the legitimacy of the two UNC members took far longer to resolve and the new administration continued in 2001 amid considerable uncertainty, which was only dispelled when a fresh national election was called for December 2001. - See more at: http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/trinidad-and-tobago/history...

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• This is a list of the heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago, from the independence of Trinidad and Tobago in 1962 to the present day. From 1962 to 1976 the head of state under the Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962 was the Queen of Trinidad and Tobago, Elizabeth II, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen was represented in Trinidad and Tobago by a Governor-General. Trinidad and Tobago became a republic under the Constitution of 1976 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President. Contents Monarch (1962–1976) Edit The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne. № Monarch (Birth–Death) Portrait Reign Royal House Prime Minister Reign start Reign end 1 Queen Elizabeth II (1926–) Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Portrait Herbert James Gunn.jpg 31 August 1962 1 August 1976 Windsor Williams Governor-General Edit The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in Trinidad and Tobago and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Trinidad and Tobago without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government. Status Denotes Chief Justice acting as Officer Administering the Government № Governor-General (Birth–Death) Portrait Tenure Monarch Prime Minister Took office Left office 1 Sir Solomon Hochoy (1905–1983) Sir Solomon Hochoy.jpg 31 August 1962 15 September 1972 Elizabeth II Williams 2 Sir Ellis Clarke (1917–2010) Sir Ellis Clarke.jpg 15 September 1972 1 August 1976 Elizabeth II Williams President of Trinidad and Tobago Edit Under the 1976 Constitution, the constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate served as Acting President. Status Denotes President of the Senate acting as President № President (Birth–Death) Portrait Tenure Elected Political affiliation (at time of appointment) Prime Minister(s) Took office Left office 1 Sir Ellis Clarke (1917–2010) Sir Ellis Clarke.jpg 1 August 1976 28 January 1977 – People's National Movement Williams Chambers Robinson 28 January 1977 13 March 1987 – Michael J. Williams (1929–) No image.png 13 March 1987 18 March 1987 – National Alliance for Reconstruction Robinson 2 Noor Hassanali (1918–2006) No image.png 18 March 1987 17 March 1997 – Independent Robinson Manning Panaday 3 A. N. R. Robinson (1926–2014) Sampson Nanton and former President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,Arthur NR Robinson.jpg 17 March 1997 18 March 2003 – National Alliance for Reconstruction Panday Manning 4 George Maxwell Richards (1931–) Professor George Maxwell Richards 1.jpg 18 March 2003 18 March 2013 – People's National Movement Manning Persad-Bissessar 5 Anthony Carmona (1953–) Anthony Carmona.jpg 18 March 2013 – Independent Persad-Bissessar Rowley Standards Edit
• There are two living former Trinidadian Heads of State: Image Name Term/Reign Office Date of birth Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg Elizabeth II 1962–1976 Queen of Trinidad and Tobabgo 21 April 1926 (age 91) Professor George Maxwell Richards 1.jpg George Maxwell Richards 2003–2013 President of Triniad and Tobago 1 December 1931 (age 85) No image.png Michael J. Williams 1987 Acting President

Thats the end folks