Intellectual history—the study of human intellectual behavior over time—teaches us, however, that our thought has a history, of which our way of thinking is the product.
Intellectual history explores the past in the spirit of the cultural anthropologist, not to judge of its merits or demerits, but to understand it, as much as is possible, on its own historical terms.
We shall not ask, therefore, who was wise or foolish but, rather, how the world looked from different perspectives, what debates and dilemmas produced what new ways of thinking, what emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The intellectual revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was far more profound in its consequences for the human condition than any political or social revolution of the early modern period..
If a culture changes the way it thinks about truth, nature, the knowable, the possible and impossible, and the causes of things, it will alter its expectations and behavior in almost all areas of human life.
To change one’s attitude to the limits and possibilities of human life is to change one’s expectations of and relationship to almost everything around one.
The seventeenth century brought a conceptual revolution in often very abstract terms. It initiated a struggle for who shall be the teachers of a civilization and what will be the lessons taught.
The eighteenth century brought a revolution in culture marked by the popularization of the conceptual revolution of the seventeenth century and by an extension of its consequences to new areas of human thought and activity.