Bilingualism, Intelligence, Transfer and Learning Strategies
Published on Apr 02, 2017
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Abstract
- Varieties of Bilingualism
- Concern, Positive-Negative Reports
- Sequential & Simultaneous Learning
- Transfer Effect
- Facilitations
- Strategies to be a better L2 learner
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Varieties:
- 2 languages in the same modality
- 2 sign-based languages
- 2 languages based on different modalities
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Language can be acquired through:
- Sound (speaking)
- Sight (writing)
- Visual motion (signs)
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Concern about Bilingualisms
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#1 Negatively influence the learning of the native language
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#2 Affecting the development of cognitive capacities
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Negative Reports
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Smith (1939) p.162
"bilingualism caused retardation in language development"
Bereiter & Engelman (1966) p.162
"non-standard
Goddard (1917) p.164
"25 out of 30 immigrants are feeble-minded"
Saer (1922, 1923) p.164
"Bilinguals thinking process were confused"
Positive Reports
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Bruck et al. (1976) p.163
"French-immersion > English controlled group"
*Bostwick (1999) p.163
"Japanese-English = Japanese"
Peal & Lambert (1962) p.165
"Bilingualism = greater mental flexibility & abstract thought"
Bain & Yu (1980) p.165
"Bilingual cognitive performance > monolingual"
Picard (2004) p.165
"older bilinguals > younger monolinguals"
4 common stages (Tabors & Snow, 1994)
- Attempt in community
- Favour gesture
- Produce abbreviated utterances
- Produce grammatical utterances
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Simultaneous Learning
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Developmental stages in learning L2
same as how they learn their L1 (chapter 1)
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Facilitation Among Different Languages
it's easier for Swedish-to-English than Finnish-to-English
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Errors happened between L1 and L2
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1) Error caused by Interference
order of constituents may be intruded because of haste
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2) Error cause by L2 strategy
applying general knowledge of L2 unnecessarily
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Strategies for Sentence Production & Communication of L2
(Faerch & Kasper, 1983: Kasper & Kellerman, 1997)
1) Put greater linguistic input
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Verification
check to see if their (learners') hypotheses about L2 are correct
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Monitoring
monitoring errors and how one's message is received by the listener
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Recap
- Varieties of Bilingualism
- Concern, Positive-Negative Reports
- Sequential & Simultaneous Learning
- Transfer Effect & Facilitations
- Strategies to be a better L2 learner
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Thank You
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