Biological Approach

Genes

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• carry the instructions for a particular characteristic
• passsed on from one generation to the next
• relative contribution is known as nature - nurture debate

Genotype

The unique code that comprises an individual's DNA

Phenotype

Phenotype

Physical expression of genotype

Neurons

Nervous system transmit impulses via nerve cells (neurons)
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS -somatic and autonomic nervous systems

The Brain

The Brain

The Brain

Cerebrum - makes up 85% of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres each with four lobes
Cortex is responsible for higher order

Neurochemistry

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• nerve impulses travel between neurons via the synapse of neurotransmitters
• Some are excitatory - dopamine others inhibitory - serotonin
• Hormones are chemicals produced by glands to release hormones into the blood
• These stimulate receptors on target cells to alter activity

Evolution

Through natural selection and sexual selection each generation becomes better adapted to their environment

The importance of the scientific methods

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• Controlled experiments
• Allow replication
• Establish reliability
• Research can be checked and verified

Applications

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• If abnormality is due to neurochemical imbalance - it can be corrected via drugs
• Research into circadian rhythms has benefitted shift workers

Reductionism

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• Suggesting biology is the sole cause of behaviour is reductionist
• Ignores emotions, cognitions and culture

Dangers

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• Genetic factors poorly understood and therefore open to abuse
• Could lead to screening, genetic engineering or profiling - may cause discrimination

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