CONCENTRATION

The mass transfer process includes

• Distillation
• Gas absorption
• Crystallization
• Membrane process
• Drying
• Evaporation

REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)

• IS A PROCESS WHERE THE FLUID IS PASSED THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE WITH VERY SMALL PORES THAT PERMIT ONLY THE TRANSFER OF WATER

Concentration reduces the amount of water that needs to be removed when drying it is used as a pre-step(reducing drying costs).

RETENTATE

Contact equilibrium processes or mass transfer sometimes requires a change in state(process of extracting or excluding an component/ingredient from a food item)