PERIOD SIX
Published on Dec 14, 2015
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6.1 SCIENCE ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT
I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by the development of new technology
A. New modes of communication and transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance.
New modes of communication and transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance.
New modes of transportation and communication has mad the world much smaller and more alike.
Because of this globalization has occurred.
Globalization is process in which many parts of the world are becoming alike due to the ease of travel and multinational businesses.
An example of globalization is the presence of companies like McDonald's in every continent.
New modes of transportation and communication has mad the world much smaller and more alike.
Because of this globalization has occurred.
Globalization is process in which many parts of the world are becoming alike due to the ease of travel and multinational businesses.
An example of globalization is the presence of companies like McDonald's in every continent.
B. New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world (such as the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, the Big Bang theory or psychology).
The theory of relativity was put forth by Albert Einstein in 1915.
It states that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and an absolute physical boundary for motion.
The theory contains the famous E = MC2 (squared).
Psychology is an applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.
Most noted psychologist was Ivan Pavlov and his work in classical conditioning in which he rang a bell and then gave the dog a treat.
Over time the ringing of the bell would illicit a response of drooling from the dog.
In the cartoon above, the dog turns it around.
It states that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and an absolute physical boundary for motion.
The theory contains the famous E = MC2 (squared).
Psychology is an applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.
Most noted psychologist was Ivan Pavlov and his work in classical conditioning in which he rang a bell and then gave the dog a treat.
Over time the ringing of the bell would illicit a response of drooling from the dog.
In the cartoon above, the dog turns it around.
C. The Green Revolution produced food for the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture.
The Green Revolution was the notable increase in cereal-grains production in Mexico, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and other developing countries in the 1960s and 1970s.
This trend resulted from the introduction of hybrid strains of wheat, rice, and corn (maize) and the adoption of modern agricultural technologies, including irrigation and heavy doses of chemical fertilizer.
This contributed greatly to the economies of these and other developing countries and also aided population growth in those countries.
This trend resulted from the introduction of hybrid strains of wheat, rice, and corn (maize) and the adoption of modern agricultural technologies, including irrigation and heavy doses of chemical fertilizer.
This contributed greatly to the economies of these and other developing countries and also aided population growth in those countries.
D. Medical innovations (such as the polio vaccine, antibiotics or the artificial heart) increased the ability of humans to survive.
Jonas Salk developed the Polio Vaccine in mid-1950s successfully ending the fear many people had about contracting this crippling disease.
Most victims to Polio were children and most famously to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Artificial heart
Polio vaccine
Most victims to Polio were children and most famously to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Artificial heart
Polio vaccine
E. New energy technologies (such as the use of oil or nuclear power) raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
Oil has become one of the world's leading commodities.
The United states was one of the leading producers of oil early in its history.
Increased production goods by having readily available energy.
The United states was one of the leading producers of oil early in its history.
Increased production goods by having readily available energy.
II. Humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment.
A. Humans exploited and competed over the earth’s finite resources more intensely than ever before in human history.
When Iraq, under the rule of Saddam Hussein, invaded the oil rich country of Kuwait in 1990 the world responded.
The United States led a coalition of countries into war known as Desert Shield to protect Kuwait.
The war moved quickly into Iraq in a stage known as Desert Storm.
Despite the claims of preserving democracy (which Kuwait did not have), most of the world did not want a dictator like Saddam Hussein controlling massive oils in Kuwait.
The United States led a coalition of countries into war known as Desert Shield to protect Kuwait.
The war moved quickly into Iraq in a stage known as Desert Storm.
Despite the claims of preserving democracy (which Kuwait did not have), most of the world did not want a dictator like Saddam Hussein controlling massive oils in Kuwait.
B. Global warming was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere
Air quality went down.
Weather was affected and became drastically different.
Glaciers start melting.
Weather was affected and became drastically different.
Glaciers start melting.
C. Pollution threatened the world’s supply of water and clean air. Deforestation and desertification were continued consequences of the human impact on the environment. Rates of extinction of other species accelerated sharply.
Cape Lion extinct in 1963
Caspian tiger extinct in 1970
Golden toad extinct in 1989
Caspian tiger extinct in 1970
Golden toad extinct in 1989
III. Disease, scientific innovations and conflict led to demographic shifts.
A. Diseases associated with poverty (such as malaria, tuberculosis or cholera) persisted, while other diseases (such as the 1919 influenza pandemic, ebola or HIV/AIDS) emerged as new epidemics and threats to human survival. In addition, changing lifestyles and increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases (such as diabetes, heart disease or Alzheimer’s disease).
Examples of diseases associated with poverty • Malaria • Tuberculosis • Cholera
Examples of emergent epidemic diseases • The 1918 influenza pandemic • Ebola • HIV/AIDS
Examples of diseases associated with changing lifestyles • Diabetes • Heart disease • Alzheimer’s disease
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 spread the influenza virus all over the world causing millions of deaths.
The virus mysteriously vanished by 1919.
This pandemic killed more people than the Black Death.
Malaria has been around since ancient times.
Malaria today still causes thousands of deaths, mostly in tropical countries who struggle with provided medical needs to its population.
Poverty stricken countries are often the places where malaria thrives.
Examples of emergent epidemic diseases • The 1918 influenza pandemic • Ebola • HIV/AIDS
Examples of diseases associated with changing lifestyles • Diabetes • Heart disease • Alzheimer’s disease
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 spread the influenza virus all over the world causing millions of deaths.
The virus mysteriously vanished by 1919.
This pandemic killed more people than the Black Death.
Malaria has been around since ancient times.
Malaria today still causes thousands of deaths, mostly in tropical countries who struggle with provided medical needs to its population.
Poverty stricken countries are often the places where malaria thrives.
B. More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and transformed sexual practices.
The invention of rubber vulcanization in 1839 soon led to the beginnings of a U.S. contraceptive industry producing condoms (now often called "rubbers")
Intrauterine devices or IUDs, douching syringes, vaginal sponges, diaphragms and cervical caps (then called "womb veils")
"male caps" that covered only the tip of the penis.
British playwright and essayist George Bernard Shaw called the rubber condom the "greatest invention of the 19th century.
"statistical evidence that the explosion of condom sales and a more modern approach to the rhythm method were in widespread use.
Condom reliability was still terrible by modern standards -- but people achieved effective birth control by combining use of condoms, the rhythm method, male withdrawal, diaphragms, and/or intrauterine devices.
Intrauterine devices or IUDs, douching syringes, vaginal sponges, diaphragms and cervical caps (then called "womb veils")
"male caps" that covered only the tip of the penis.
British playwright and essayist George Bernard Shaw called the rubber condom the "greatest invention of the 19th century.
"statistical evidence that the explosion of condom sales and a more modern approach to the rhythm method were in widespread use.
Condom reliability was still terrible by modern standards -- but people achieved effective birth control by combining use of condoms, the rhythm method, male withdrawal, diaphragms, and/or intrauterine devices.
C. Improved military technology (such as tanks, airplanes or the atomic bomb) and new tactics (such as trench warfare or firebombing) led to increased levels of wartime casualties (such as Nanjing, Dresden or Hiroshima).
Examples of improved military technology • Tanks • Airplanes • The atomic bomb
Examples of new tactics • Trench warfare • Firebombing
Examples of wartime casualties • Nanjing • Dresden • Hiroshima
Examples of new tactics • Trench warfare • Firebombing
Examples of wartime casualties • Nanjing • Dresden • Hiroshima
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and Their Consequences
I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end.
A. Older land-based empires (such as the Ottoman, Russian or the Qing) collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors (such as economic hardship, political and social discontent, technological stagnation or military defeat).
Examples • Economic hardship • Political and social discontent • Technological stagnation • Military defeat
The Boxer Rebellion proved to be the downfall of the Qing Dynasty of China.
The "Boxers" were trying to rid China of foreign influences but wound up causing for the influx of foreign armies into China such as the British, American, Russian, and Japanese.
This was the end of the Chinese Dynasties.
The Bolshevik Revolution was the communist takeover of Russia in 1917 led by V.I. Lenin (above).
The Bolsheviks saw problems with the imperial government of Russia and wanted to help the poorer classes.
They also wanted Russia out of WWI and when Lenin took over they signed a peace treaty with Germany.
The Boxer Rebellion proved to be the downfall of the Qing Dynasty of China.
The "Boxers" were trying to rid China of foreign influences but wound up causing for the influx of foreign armies into China such as the British, American, Russian, and Japanese.
This was the end of the Chinese Dynasties.
The Bolshevik Revolution was the communist takeover of Russia in 1917 led by V.I. Lenin (above).
The Bolsheviks saw problems with the imperial government of Russia and wanted to help the poorer classes.
They also wanted Russia out of WWI and when Lenin took over they signed a peace treaty with Germany.
B. Some colonies negotiated their independence (such as India or the Gold Coast from the British Empire).
Examples • India from the British Empire • The Gold Coast from the British Empire
India gained its independence through peaceful protests led by Mohandas Gandhi such as the one above called the March to the Sea.
Gandhi and his followers are protesting a salt policy of the British.
Eventually, Great Britain will negotiate the independence of India.
The Gold Coast also got its independence peacefully from Great Britain in 1957.
The new west African nation changed it name to Ghana in honor of the civilization that ruled much of that area from the 4th through the 13th centuries.
India gained its independence through peaceful protests led by Mohandas Gandhi such as the one above called the March to the Sea.
Gandhi and his followers are protesting a salt policy of the British.
Eventually, Great Britain will negotiate the independence of India.
The Gold Coast also got its independence peacefully from Great Britain in 1957.
The new west African nation changed it name to Ghana in honor of the civilization that ruled much of that area from the 4th through the 13th centuries.
C. Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle (such as Algeria and Vietnam from the French empire or Angola from the Portuguese empire).
Examples • Algeria and Vietnam from the French empire • Angola from the Portuguese empire
French soldiers surrender after the battle of Dien Bien Phu to the Vietnamese in 1954.
After Japan was defeated in WWII and kicked out of Vietnam, the Vietnamese saw their chance for independence from the French.
However, France tried to hold onto its empire.
This proved to be the pivotal battle against the French as they will pull out of Vietnam and the United States will take their place fearing a communist takeover.
French soldiers surrender after the battle of Dien Bien Phu to the Vietnamese in 1954.
After Japan was defeated in WWII and kicked out of Vietnam, the Vietnamese saw their chance for independence from the French.
However, France tried to hold onto its empire.
This proved to be the pivotal battle against the French as they will pull out of Vietnam and the United States will take their place fearing a communist takeover.
II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of Empires.
A. Nationalist leaders (such as Mohandas Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh or Kwame Nkrumah) in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule.
Mohandas Gandhi
Ho Chi Minh
Kwame Nkrumah
Ho Chi Minh
Kwame Nkrumah
B. Regional, religious and ethnic movements (such as that of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Quebecois separatist movement or the Biafra secessionist movement) challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
The Québécois separatist movement
The Biafra secessionist movement
The Québécois separatist movement
The Biafra secessionist movement
C. Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries.
Communism
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Africanism
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Africanism
D. Within states in Africa, Asia and Latin America, movements promoted communism and socialism as a way to redistribute land and resources.
Japan's expanding, nationalist empire had already conquered several states before 1937.
Using the turmoil to their advantage, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1937 to almost no resistance.
KMT forces, largely at the behest of Chaing Kai-sheck, were focused on driving out the CCP and warlords from the countryside, and did not feel they could oust the Japanese without first unifying the remainder of China.
The post-war period saw a return to fighting, and by 1946 the truce between the CCP and KMT had fallen apart.
The advantages afforded to the Communists in WWII shifted the favor of the struggle to the CCP.
Using the turmoil to their advantage, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1937 to almost no resistance.
KMT forces, largely at the behest of Chaing Kai-sheck, were focused on driving out the CCP and warlords from the countryside, and did not feel they could oust the Japanese without first unifying the remainder of China.
The post-war period saw a return to fighting, and by 1946 the truce between the CCP and KMT had fallen apart.
The advantages afforded to the Communists in WWII shifted the favor of the struggle to the CCP.
III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences.
A. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements
The India/Pakistan partition
The Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine
The division of the Middle East into mandatory states
The Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine
The division of the Middle East into mandatory states
B. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.
South Asians to Britain
Algerians to France
Filipinos to the United States
Algerians to France
Filipinos to the United States
C. The proliferation of conflicts led to genocide and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations (such as the Palestinians or Darfurians).
Examples of such ethnic violence • Armenia • The Holocaust • Cambodia • Rwanda
Examples of displacement of peoples • Palestinians • Darfurians
Examples of displacement of peoples • Palestinians • Darfurians
IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale.
A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies for the purpose of waging war.
Naval Race – Germany vs. Great Britain
Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by Serbian Gavrillo Princip
Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935
The Japanese invasion of China and the Rape of Nanking
Germany’s militarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and aggression against Czechoslovakia, the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939, and the German attack on Poland
Role of Women in Nazi Germany
Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by Serbian Gavrillo Princip
Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935
The Japanese invasion of China and the Rape of Nanking
Germany’s militarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and aggression against Czechoslovakia, the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939, and the German attack on Poland
Role of Women in Nazi Germany
A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies for the purpose of waging war.
Naval Race – Germany vs. Great Britain
Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by Serbian Gavrillo Princip
Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935
The Japanese invasion of China and the Rape of Nanking
Germany’s militarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and aggression against Czechoslovakia, the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939, and the German attack on Poland
Role of Women in Nazi Germany
Both WWI and WWII involved more countries than wars before, and fed off of their political alliances and feuds.
-WWI was mainly between powerful European nations, with Germany and Austria-Hungary on one side, Britain, France, and Russia on the other (with the US joining later). The powers had connections all over the world, so the war was far bigger than any previous conflict.
-WWII was a continuation of the tensions over resources and markets that partially caused the first world war. The major powers were the Axis powers and the Allied powers, with Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan fighting against Britain, France, and the US.
Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by Serbian Gavrillo Princip
Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935
The Japanese invasion of China and the Rape of Nanking
Germany’s militarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and aggression against Czechoslovakia, the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939, and the German attack on Poland
Role of Women in Nazi Germany
Both WWI and WWII involved more countries than wars before, and fed off of their political alliances and feuds.
-WWI was mainly between powerful European nations, with Germany and Austria-Hungary on one side, Britain, France, and Russia on the other (with the US joining later). The powers had connections all over the world, so the war was far bigger than any previous conflict.
-WWII was a continuation of the tensions over resources and markets that partially caused the first world war. The major powers were the Axis powers and the Allied powers, with Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan fighting against Britain, France, and the US.
B. The varied sources of global conflict in the first half of the century included: imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan, competition for resources, ethnic conflict, great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany, nationalist ideologies, and the economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression.
Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan
Competition for resources
Ethnic conflict
Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany
Nationalist ideologies
The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression.
Competition for resources
Ethnic conflict
Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany
Nationalist ideologies
The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression.
C. The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe.
During this Cold War, the USSR and the US ended up with the reality of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), a military deterrence strategy in which a full scale use of nuclear weapons by either power would result in world-wide destruction.
There was a complete destruction of fields and factories, mills and workshops and the houses of the civilians.
Many countries involved in the war were in ruins due to bombing.
There was a complete destruction of fields and factories, mills and workshops and the houses of the civilians.
Many countries involved in the war were in ruins due to bombing.
D. The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa and Asia.
The Soviet Union and the US were powerful enemies after WWII.
An “Iron Curtain” of tense relations separated the countries and their allies.
The US adopted a policy of Containment, aimed at containing communism in favor of capitalism and using military bases around the world.
An “Iron Curtain” of tense relations separated the countries and their allies.
The US adopted a policy of Containment, aimed at containing communism in favor of capitalism and using military bases around the world.
E. The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War.
V. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
A. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century and some promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.
Example of groups and individuals who challenged war: • Picasso in his Guernica • The antinuclear movement during the Cold War • Thich Quang Duc by self-immolation
Example of nonviolence: • Gandhi • Martin Luther King
Example of nonviolence: • Gandhi • Martin Luther King
B. Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political and social orders
Examples • Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong • The Non-Aligned Movement, which presented an alternative political bloc to the Cold War • The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa • Participants in the global uprisings of 1968 • The Tiananmen Square protesters that promoted democracy in China
C. Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict
Examples • The promotion of military dictatorship in Chile, Spain, and Uganda • The United States’ promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War • The buildup of the “military-industrial complex” and arms trading
D. More movements used terrorism to achieve political aims.
Examples • IRA • ETA • Al-Qaeda
E. Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular culture
Examples • Dada • James Bond • Socialist Realism • Video games • Rocky IV
Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society and Culture
I. States, communities and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance.
A. New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and to facilitate international cooperation.
Examples
The Five-Year Plans
The Great Leap Forward
League of Nations
United Nations
The Five-Year Plans
The Great Leap Forward
League of Nations
United Nations
B. New economic institutions sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world.
The New Deal
The Fascist corporatist economy
WTO
World Bank
IMF
The Fascist corporatist economy
WTO
World Bank
IMF
C. Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world.
UNICEF
Red Cross
Amnesty International
Doctors Without Borders
Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt
The encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia
Red Cross
Amnesty International
Doctors Without Borders
Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt
The encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia
D. Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders.
The United States beginning with Ronald Reagan
Britain under Margaret Thatcher
China under Deng Xiaoping
Chile under Pinochet
European Union
NAFTA
ASEAN
Mercosur
Britain under Margaret Thatcher
China under Deng Xiaoping
Chile under Pinochet
European Union
NAFTA
ASEAN
Mercosur
E. Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy.
Royal Dutch Shell
Coca-Cola
Sony
Coca-Cola
Sony
F. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration.
II. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions.
A. The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world.
The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Women’s rights
The end of the White Australia Policy
Women’s rights
The end of the White Australia Policy
B. Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities.
Negritude
Xenophobia
Race riots
Citizenship restrictions
Xenophobia
Race riots
Citizenship restrictions
C. Believers developed new forms of spirituality (such as New Age Religions, Hare Krishna or Falun Gong) and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths and apply them to political issues (such as fundamentalist movements or Liberation Theology).
Examples of new forms of spirituality:
New Age Religions
Hare Krishna
Falun Gong
Examples of application of religion to political issues:
Fundamentalist movements
Liberation Theology
New Age Religions
Hare Krishna
Falun Gong
Examples of application of religion to political issues:
Fundamentalist movements
Liberation Theology
III. Popular and consumer culture became global.
A. Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations.
World Cup Soccer
The Olympics
Cricket
The Olympics
Cricket
B. Changes in communication
Reggae
Bollywood
Bollywood
