NAKEIDRA'S PSYCHOLOGY FALL PROJECT

CHAPTER 1

PSYCHOLOGY'S GOALS

• Description-What is happening?
• Explanation-Why is it happening?
• Prediction-When will it happen again?
• Control-How can it be changed?

Wilhelm Wundt was a German psychologist who created the first psychology lab in 1879. He believed in objective introspection which is the process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities. He told his students in order to read the nonphysical elements of someone else's mind , they had to be able to think objectively about their own thoughts. Wundt is also know as the father of psychology.

Sigmund Freud studied insight therapy treating fear and anxiety. He put emphasis on unconscious and early childhood. He studied a baby named Albert. Freud took a gong and a little white lab mouse. Whenever he hit the gong, baby Albert thought the small mouse was making the loud noise. As a result of experiment, little Albert was afraid of anything white and furry.

CHAPTER 2

Neurons are cells that send messages throughout the nervous system.

AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST

• An example of an agonist is the black widow spider.
• An example of an antagonist is the poisonous dart frog.

TYPES OF NEIROTRANSMITTERS

• Acetylcholine
• GABA
• Serotonin
• Dopamine
• Endorphin
• Adrenal

Corticalization is the wrinkling of the brain. More wrinkles means more knowledge.

CHAPTER 3

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

• Hearing- You hear a watch ticking from 20ft away.
• Smell- You should smell one drop of perfume in a 3 room apartment.
• Taste- you should taste one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water.
• Touch- You feel the wing of a bee land on your cheek one cm away.
• Vision- see a candle burning 30 miles away

The after image of a picture lasts less than 30 seconds. If the image is red and blue, the after image will be green and yellow.

Color blindness comes from defective cones in the retina. Men are usually the people to have color blindness.

CHAPTER 4

REM SLEEP

• REM- rapid eye movement
• 90% of the vivid dreaming happens during REM sleep.
• Nightmares happen during REM sleep.

Psychoactive drugs are drugs that alter thinking perception, and memory.

TYPES OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

• Stimulants
• Depressants
• Narcotics
• Hallucinogens

CHAPTER 5

Learning is the relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

REINFORCEMENT

• Positive reinforcement is giving a child one dollar for every "A" he/she makes on a report card.
• Negative reinforcement is taking a video game or television for bad behavior.

PUNISHMENT

• Punishment by application would be giving a child a spanking.
• Punishment by removal would be taking away a cell phone.

CHAPTER 6

3 PROCESSES OF MEMORY

• Encoding- converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes
• Storage- "holding on" to encoded information
• Retrieval- pulling information from storage

ICONIC AND ECHOIC MEMORY

• Iconic Memory is visual and it lasts no more than 1/4 of a second.
• Echoic Memory is auditory and it lasts 4 seconds.

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

• It's likely giving someone a grocery list that is not arisen down. They usually only remember the first (primacy) and last (recency) thing they were told to get.

MISINFORMATION EFFECT

• False memory syndrome- This usually occurs when eyewitnesses give inaccurate memories of an event because of other people's suggestions.

CHAPTER 7

THINKING

LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR

• Language is the system for combining symbols and to represent mental activity.
• Grammar is the rules for language use and structure.

The upper most 2.5% of the population usually with an IQ of 130 or above is considered to be gifted.

The most common IQ test is the Stanford Binet Test.

CHAPTER 8

DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES

• A dominant gene is the active gene that controls the expression of a trait. An example of a dominant gene would be brown eyes.
• A recessive gene only influences the the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene. Having attached ear lobes is a recessive gene trait.

Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins) come from two different eggs. Hyper ovulation happens when each ovary releases an egg at the same time, and the result is fraternal twins.

Teratogens are medications that cause birth defects.

NEWBORN REFLEXES

• Stepping
• Grasping
• Startle
• Sucking

CHAPTER 9

Is the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

TYPES OF MOTIVATION

• Extrinsic motivation decreases the degree of creativity.
• Intrinsic motivation increases creativity.

Emotion is the feeling aspect of consciousness.

3 ELEMENTS OF EMOTION

• Physical Arousal
• Behavior that reveals the feeling to the outside world.
• Inner awareness of the feeling.

CHAPTER 11

Stress is any physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to threatening or challenging events.

SIGNS OF STRESS

• Physical: headaches, fatigue, high blood pressure
• Emotional: depression, anxiety, irritability
• Cognitive: difficulty concentrating
• Behavioral: crying, over eating, fighting, yelling, sleeping

Frustration can be internal or external. Internal frustration is personal frustration and external frustration is any stress caused by other people or things.

PERSONALITY TYPES

• Type A: People with the Type A personality are ambitious, time conscious, hardworking, and often times hostile. They are also very competitive and easily irritated. Type A people are more likely to develop heart disease.
• Type B: Type B people are relaxed and less competitive than Type A people. They are slow to anger and are less likely to become terminally ill.
• Type C: Type C personality people are pleasant on the outside, but internalize anger and anxiety. These people are more likely to get cancer.
• Type H: Type H is the Hardy Personality. These people thrive on stress, but lack the anger and hostility of Type A. Type H people make the best of a stressful situation, finding ways to see the positive side of each situation. Type H people are more likely to make millions of dollars and stress free.

COPING STRATEGIES FOR STRESS

• Working out
• Sleeping
• Yoga
• Talk with friends/family
• Keep a journal

CHAPTER 12

WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?

Groupthink occurs when a decision making group focuses only on unanimity and cohesiveness rather than facts. An example would be the video we watched in class where a woman knew none of the answers to the questions being asked, and gave the same answers as the other members in her group. She that their answers were correct because they all gave the exact same answer.

Obedience is changing one's behavior at the direct order of an authority figure. Psychologist Stanley Milgram's shocking experiment is an example of obedience. He took actors that would play the role of students that would be shocked for every question they answered wrong. He told them to get every question wrong . He then got people who would be the teachers and told them to shock the students for every incorrect answer. Milgram told the participants that they had to continue the experiment no matter how uncomfortable it made them. 65% of participants obeyed Milgram's orders until the very end even though many were upset by being asked to do so.

PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATION

• Prejudice- negative thoughts and feelings about a particular group. An example would be prejudice towards people of different religions.
• Discrimination- treating others differently because of prejudice. An example would be starting fights riots to express hate towards minorities.

CHAPTER 13

Personality is the unique and stable way people think, feel, and behave. The 4 main perspectives of personality are Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, and Trait.

3 PARTS OF THE MIND

• The Ego is the adult/ mediator. It settles the disputes between the Superego and the Id.
• The Superego is the parent. It tells the Id what the right thing to do is. It's almost like the angel and the devil having the argument on your shoulder.
• The Id is the child. It has no conscience, so it does what is pleasure and not what is always right. This is the devil on your shoulder.

Projective tests are known as ink blot tests and clients look at these images and respond with whatever comes to mind.

A personality a
inventory is a list of questions. The most common personality inventory is the MMPI-2 which is designed to detect abnormal personality.

CHAPTER 14

The study of abnormal behavior is known as psychopathology.

Subjective discomfort is also known as emotional distress. An example would be a person who is claustrophobic having to ride an elevator filled with people.

A psychological disorder is any pattern of behavior or psychological functioning that causes people significant distress. These disorders cause people to harm themselves or others, and also their ability to function on a daily basis.

TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar disorder