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Published on Apr 10, 2016
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Chapter 11
Section 1
Powers of the Federal Courts
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Jurisdiction of the Courts
The United States judiciary consists of parallel systems of federal and state courts. Each of the 50 states has its own system of courts whose powers derive from state constitutions and laws. The federal court system consists of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts established by congress. Federal courts derive their powers from the Constitution and federal laws.
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The Constitution gave federal courts jurisdiction in cases that involve United States laws, treaties with foreign nations, or interpretations of the Constitution.
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Original and Appellate Jurisdiction
-The court in which case is originally tried is known as a trial court. A trial court has original jurisdiction.
- If a person who loses a case in a trial court wishes to appeal a decision, he or she may take the case to a court with appellate jurisdiction.
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Early precedents
- Certain principles were established early in the Court's history. Neither the Supreme Court nor any federal court may initiate action.
- A judge or justice may not seek out an issue and bid both sides to bring it to court. The courts must wait for litigants, or people engaged in a lawsuit, to come before them.
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John Marshall's influence
In several other key decisions under John Marshall, the court carved out its power. In 1810, the Supreme Court continued to extend its power to review laws.
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States' Rights Era and the Scott Case
President Andrew Jackson nominated Roger Taney as Chief Justice when John Marshall died in 1835.
- In 1840s, states' rights became tied to the slavery issue. In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)an aging Taney read an opinion that declared African Americans were not and could not be citizens, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and Congress was powerless to stop the spread of slavery.
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Slaughterhouse Cases
The first and most significant ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment came down in the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
- In 1896 the Court upheld a Louisiana law that required railroads operating within the state to provide separate cars for white and African American passengers.
- In Plessy v. Ferguson the Court said that this was a reasonable exercise of state police power to preserve peace and order.
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The Court and Business
The Court had refused to broaden federal powers to enforce the rights of individuals.
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In the 1870s, in a group of cases known as the Granger Cases, the court rejected a challenge to state regulatory laws. It held that some private property, such as a railroad, was invested with a public interest. A state could properly exercise its power to regulate such property.
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