SCULPTURE

OBJECTIVES

• To know what is the meaning of sculpture
• To know the different kinds of sculpture techniques
• To know what are the materials used in sculpture
• To know types of sculpture
• To know the history

SCULPTURE

• Sculpture come from the Latin word "sculpere" which means "to carve".
• Sculpture are three (3) dimensional images which set it apart from other forms of visual arts.
• Sculpture define as the art of carving or molding which also includes the process of cutting or hewing wood,
• Stone, metal to make a desired 3D representation of the subject.

HISTORY OF SCULPTURE

Egyptian
-Sculptures are idealized representations of the gods/goddesses and the holy, the feature is immobile and always frontal in pose.

Mesopotamia
-Sumerians are noted to carve small marble deities with wide, staring eyes.

Greek
2 major development in sculpture:
1. 7th and 1st centuries bc
2. 5th and 4th centuries bc

Roman
-Romans are known to be an avid collector of anything that is Greek from whom they also inherited and imitated their sculpture and techniques.

Early Christian
-sculptures dating back from the 4th century were stylistically no longer corresponded to the classical ideal of beauty but centers on representation of the character in the bible.

Gothic Period
-remarkable sculpture was produced in France, Germany, and Italy, most sculpture were made in conjunction which church architecture.

Renaissance
2 principal components
1. Revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
2. An intensified concern with secular life.

Baroque
-Sculpture roughly spanning the 17th century they were characterized by dynamic intensity and an emphasis on movement and emotion.

Neoclassical
-inspired mainly by the excavated figurines and sculpture in archeological sites of Greek and roman colony, some sculpture revived the Greek and roman tradition in its purest form.

Romanticism
-a major movement in 19th century that happened when sculptors freed themselves from past models and their new works were created based on their imagination and appealed to emotions of the audience.

20th century
-there was a revolution in sculpture techniques, method, subjects and materials that was employed by sculptor in the 20th century.

3 TYPES OF REPRESENTATION OF A SCULPTURE

1. Dominant hegemonic meaning - the meaning that the maker wants to convey;
2. Oppositional meaning - meaning derived from the viewer's perspective opposite the maker's meaning.
3. Negotiated meaning - it comes from both the maker and the viewer.

SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES

2 major sculpture techniques:
Additive and subtractive

Additive
- is considered when working on a clay or terracotta figurine.
Subtractive
-working on marble and wood would require "subtractive process" where in unwanted and unnecessary portion of the material are chipped off using a chisel and hammer for the desired image to come out.

Carving
-is a procedure that dates back from pre-historic times wherein the craftsman or artist cuts away undesired portion of the material until the desired image comes out.

Molding
- it is a process of building up of form where a soft material could be easily shaped, bent or twisted to enable rapid execution of the design.

Casting
- is a process that seeks to produce an exact replica of a sculpture and is accomplished in two stages.

Assemblage
- this process originated from the collage of Picasso and Baroque artists where three dimensional paintings are made out of assembling pieces of different materials.

MATERIALS IN SCULPTURE

The two preferred materials in sculpture are MARBLE and BRONZE.
Some artist fashioned with other materials like:
1. Stone
2. Wood
3. Plastic
4. Clay
5. Terracotta.

TYPES OF SCULPTURE

1. Pictorial
- the emphasis of the sculptor is the details of the design than the method or material that is used.

Sculpturesque
- primarily the artist is more concerned with the strength, durability and solidity of the material that is used than the details of the work;

Built-up
- is the combination of pictorial and sculpturesque type, wherein the artist is concern with the details and the material that is used.