This Presentation is my Deep Learning Task for 2016-2017 Chemistry. I will be comparing and contrasting the chemical composition and reaction of two commonly used medicines - Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and Ibuprofen (Advil). My conclusion of this assignment is to determine which medicine is best used for what purpose.

Name: Asma Asim Ali

Date of Birth: 08-02-00

Gender: Female

Last Date of Entry: 08-12-16

Patient has a history of stomach problems, low iron, skin irritation to insect bites, and asthma.

Current Symptoms Include:
- Constant headaches
- Loss of energy
- Sleep deprived
- Jet-lag
- Fever

Patient has been constantly working without a sufficient amount of sleep.

As recommended by the patient's Physician, the patient was told to take Acetaminophen USP 500 mg or Ibuprofen USP 400 mg to their discretion.

Whichever tablet gives the patient the most relief should be used to its full dosage.

Patient has come for a follow-up on 10/12/16

Patient has stated that Ibuprofen causes the patient to sleep for a long duration of time whereas Acetaminophen was taken twice with no effect, even when the patient tried doubling the dosage as recommended by the Physician.

'THESIS: Why does Ibuprofen Tablets USP 400 mg have a greater affect on the body than Acetaminophen Extra Strength USP 500 mg?'

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that reduces the hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the human body.

This prescribed medicine is used to reduce fever, inflammation of the body, or pain caused by minor injuries, head or tooth aches, menstrual cramps, arthritis, and other minor pains.

Ibuprofen is prescribed in different doses to adults and children 6 months and older.

A drug that relieves pain and fever in the human body.

This prescribed medicine is used to reduce fever and mild to moderate pain, inflammation of the body, head, back, muscle or tooth aches, arthritis, and colds.

Ibuprofen is prescribed in different doses to adults and children older than 2 years old.

Molecular Formula: C13H18O2

Molecular Mass: 206.285 g/mol


Physical Description: Solid
Color: Colorless, crystalline, stable solid
Odour: Characteristic Odour
Melting Point: 75-77 degrees C
Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents, very soluble in alcohol, 21 mg/L a 25 deg C in water
Vapour Pressure: 4.74x10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C

Molecular Formula: C8H9NO2 or HOC6H4NHCOCH3

Molecular Mass: 151.165 g/mol

Physical Description: Liquid or other solid
Color: White crystalline solid, colorless crystals, or crystalline powder.
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Slightly bitter in taste
Boiling Point: Less than 500 deg C
Melting Point: 168-171 deg C
Solubility: Freely soluble in all alcohols, slightly soluble in cold water, very soluble in boiling water, 14000 mg/L at 25 deg C in water
Vapour Pressure: 6.29x10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C
pH: Saturated aqueous solution = 5.5-6.5

Ibuprofen can increase your risk of fatal heart attack or stroke, especially if high doses are taken, or if you have heart disease. Do not use this medicine just before or after heart bypass surgery.

Ibuprofen may also cause stomach or intestinal bleeding, which can be fatal. These conditions can occur without warning while you are using ibuprofen, especially in older adults.

Do not take more than your recommended dose. An ibuprofen overdose can damage your stomach or intestines. Use only the smallest amount of medication needed to get relief from your pain, swelling, or fever.

You should not use acetaminophen if you have severe liver disease.

Do not take more of this medication than is recommended. An overdose of acetaminophen can damage your liver or cause death.

Seek help at once if you have nausea, pain in your upper stomach, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, or jaundice (yellowing of your skin or eyes).

Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of liver damage while taking acetaminophen.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any other cold, allergy, pain, or sleep medication. Acetaminophen is contained in many combination medicines. Taking certain products together can cause you to get too much acetaminophen which can lead to a fatal overdose.

In rare cases, acetaminophen may cause a severe skin reaction. Stop taking this medicine and call your doctor right away if you have skin redness or a rash that spreads

Stop using ibuprofen if:
-changes in your vision;
-shortness of breath (even with mild exertion);
-swelling or rapid weight gain;
-the first sign of any skin rash, no matter how mild;
-signs of stomach bleeding/ bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;
-liver problems
-kidney problems - little or no urinating, painful or difficult urination, swelling in your feet or ankles, feeling tired or short of breath;
-low red blood cells (anemia) - pale skin, feeling light-headed or short of breath, rapid heart rate, trouble concentrating; or
-severe skin reaction - , swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling.

In rare cases, acetaminophen may cause a severe skin reaction that can be fatal. This could occur even if you have taken acetaminophen in the past and had no reaction.

Stop taking this medicine and call your doctor right away if you have skin redness or a rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling. If you have this type of reaction, you should never again take any medicine that contains acetaminophen.

-Usual Adult Dose for Headache:
600 mg orally 90 minutes prior to the initial ECT session

-Usual Adult Dose for Pain:
Mild to moderate pain: 200 to 400 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed. Doses greater than 400 mg have not been proven to provide greater efficacy.
Pain: 400 to 800 mg intravenously over 30 minutes every 6 hours as needed.

-Usual Adult Dose for Fever:
Oral: 200 to 400 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed.
Fever: Initial: 400 mg intravenously over 30 minutes
Maintenance: 400 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 100 to 200 mg every 4 hours as needed.

-Usual Pediatric Dose for Fever:
Greater than 6 months to 12 years: 5 mg/kg/dose for temperature less than 102.5 degrees F (39.2 degrees C) orally every 6 to 8 hours as needed.
10 mg/kg/dose for temperature greater than or equal to 102.5 degrees F (39.2 degrees C) orally every 6 to 8 hours as needed.
The recommended maximum daily dose is 40 mg/kg.

-Usual Pediatric Dose for Pain:
Infants and Children: 4 to 10 mg/kg orally every 6 to 8 hours as needed.

The recommended maximum daily dose is 40 mg/kg.
OTC pediatric labeling (analgesic, antipyretic): 6 months to 11 years: 7.5 mg/kg/dose every 6 to 8 hours; Maximum daily dose: 30 mg/kg

-Usual Adult Dose for Fever:
IV:
Adults and adolescents weighing 50 kg and over: 1000 mg every 6 hours or 650 mg every 4 hours, with a maximum single dose of 1000 mg, a minimum dosing interval of 4 hours, and a maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 4000 mg per day.
Adults and adolescents weighing under 50 kg: 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours, with a maximum single dose of 15 mg/kg, a minimum dosing interval of 4 hours, and a maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 75 mg/kg per day.
Orally or Rectally:
General Dosing Guidelines: 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours

-Usual Adult Dose for Pain:
IV:
Adults and adolescents weighing 50 kg and over: 1000 mg every 6 hours or 650 mg every 4 hours, with a maximum single dose of 1000 mg, a minimum dosing interval of 4 hours, and a maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 4000 mg per day.
Adults and adolescents weighing under 50 kg: 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours, with a maximum single dose of 15 mg/kg, a minimum dosing interval of 4 hours, and a maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 75 mg/kg per day.
Orally or Rectally:
General Dosing Guidelines: 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours

-Usual Pediatric Dose for Fever:
Infants and Children:
IV: Less than 2 years: 7.5 to 15 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours
Maximum daily dose: 60 mg/kg/day
IV: 2 to 12 years: 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours
Maximum single dose 15 mg/kg
Maximum total daily dose: 75 mg/kg/day not to exceed 3750 mg/day
Oral: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose every 4 to 6 hours as needed; do not exceed 5 doses in 24 hours

-Children greater than or equal to 12 years:
IV: Less than 50 kg: 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours
Maximum single dose: 750 mg/dose
Maximum total daily dose: 75 mg/kg/day (less than or equal to 3750 mg/day)
IV: Greater than or equal to 50 kg: 650 mg every 4 hours or 1000 mg every 6 hours
Maximum single dose: 1000 mg/dose
Maximum total daily dose: 4000 mg/day
Oral or Rectal: 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 1,000 mg 3 to 4 times daily
Maximum daily dose: 4000 mg/day

-Usual Pediatric Dose for Pain:
Infants and Children:
IV: Less than 2 years: 7.5 to 15 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours
Maximum daily dose: 60 mg/kg/day
IV: 2 to 12 years: 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours
Maximum single dose 15 mg/kg
Maximum total daily dose: 75 mg/kg/day not to exceed 3750 mg/day
Oral: 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose every 4 to 6 hours as needed; do not exceed 5 doses in 24 hours


-Children greater than or equal to 12 years:
IV: Less than 50 kg: 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours
Maximum single dose: 750 mg/dose
Maximum total daily dose: 75 mg/kg/day (less than or equal to 3750 mg/day)
IV: Greater than or equal to 50 kg: 650 mg every 4 hours or 1000 mg every 6 hours
Maximum single dose: 1000 mg/dose
Maximum total daily dose: 4000 mg/day
Oral or Rectal: 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours or 1,000 mg 3 to 4 times daily
Maximum daily dose: 4000 mg/day

Ibuprofen suppresses any unwanted response of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which is required for the synthesis of prostaglandins through the arachidonic acid pathway. COX converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) in the body, which then converted into prostaglandins. The obstruction of COX by Ibuprofen lowers the level of prostaglandins made by the body.

The prostaglandins that are formed from PGH2 are important mediators of sensations such as pain and processes such as fever and inflammation in the body.

Acetaminophen works by inhibiting the synthesis of chemical messengers called prostaglandins, which help to transmit pain signals and induce fever. The body produces prostaglandins in response to an injury or illness.

Acetaminophen reduces the pain by helping to block this signaling. Acetaminophen stops some prostaglandin functions while not affecting others.

Prostaglandins are known to promote inflammation and swelling of many body tissues.

Research done by York University states that river water in the UK which is subjected to 21 million peoples' input is being adversely affected by strong concentration levels of Ibuprofen.

The levels of concentration in river waters are extremely harmful to the habitat and health of the fish and organisms living in the water. The concentration is said to be 50% of the river's stretch.

Acetaminophen was found in many supplies of drinking water in North America, particularly the United States. In Minnesota, Acetaminophen concentration in water resulted to be 0.010 ppb.

Due to the excess use of this prescribed drug, it has found its way into waste water banks which thus impact the natural environment's reproductions, embryos, behavior, and endocrine system of small fish.

The experiments on Minnesota water has resulted that this drug is very harmful to fish and other organisms in the water.

For both medicines, researchers have decided to construct monitoring and modeling factors that affect rivers and other bodies of water. They will then use the information from their data to devise ways to treat waste water before it is added to other bodies of water and the sewage system so that its environmental impact is not as great as before.

Other solutions include the proper disposal of unwanted medication. By finishing the dosage prescribed, the levels of concentration would decrease. Also if the medication is expired or not needed, the medicine should be taken back to the pharmacy where it could then be disposed of properly.

Unlike Aspirin and Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory action.
The differences in the actions of these drugs involve their tissue specificities. Aspirin and Ibuprofen act on a broad range of tissues.

Acetaminophen inhibits prostaglandin synthesis more specifically in the cells of the nervous system and is a much less effective inhibitor of this in other tissues. This selectivity gives acetaminophen its effect to the sensory nerves of the brain.

Acetaminophen is known to cause less stomach irritation than Aspirin and Ibuprofen, and it does not inhibit platelet aggregation and blood clotting.

Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen are part of two different medicine groups:

Ibuprofen works best for reducing inflammation and pain caused by injury whereas Acetaminophen works best for relieving all kinds of pain and fever, however it does not help reduce inflammation of the body.

'THESIS: Why does Ibuprofen Tablets USP 400 mg have a greater affect on the body than Acetaminophen Extra Strength USP 500 mg?'

After a thorough analysis and research of both prescribed medicines, the patient's Physician has concluded that the reason as to why Ibuprofen had a greater effect on the patient than Acetaminophen is because according to the patient's symptoms, most of them linked to fever, headache, and pain.

As stated previously, Ibuprofen is best used to relieve such symptoms, whereas Acetaminophen works best with relieving inflammation. The patient did not have any inflammation which is why even though 2 doses were taken, it did not help the patient.

The reason as to why Ibuprofen made the patient sleep is because it was part of the chemical reaction within the body.

In conclusion, the patient should continue the use of Ibuprofen for relief.