THE COLD WAR

WARTIME RELATIONSHIPS

• In February 1945, the “Big Three” Allied leaders met at Yalta, a city in the Soviet Union.
• Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin came to talk about Europe’s future after the war.
• Roosevelt and Churchill feared the spread of Soviet control in Eastern Europe.
• Stalin wanted this area as a shield to protect the Soviet Union from the West.
• Roosevelt and Churchill felt hopeful about a peaceful postwar world. These hopes were not met.

FUNDING THE UNITED NATIONS

• On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died suddenly. Vice President Harry S. Truman took office.
• “When they told me [of Roosevelt’s death], I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me.”
• Truman continued the plans for the international organization discussed at Yalta.
• On June 26 in San Francisco,California, 50 nations held the first meeting of the United Nations.
• They all hoped the UN could settle disputes between countries and prevent wars.

SOVIET EXPANSION

• The UN could not, however, prevent trouble between the Westand the Soviets.
• He set up Communist governments and keptSoviet forces in Eastern Europe.
• Winston Churchill feared Stalin’s actions were permanent.
• In 1946 Churchill said that an iron curtain had come down on A||ied |eaders met jn Yalta t0 discussEurope.
• The United States had to be firm with its new enemy. Kennan called for a policy of containment.

U.S. RESPONDS

• The policy of containment soon went into effect.
• At the same time, the Soviets pressured Turkey to give them naval bases that offered access to the Mediterranean Sea.
• In March 1947, Truman asked Congress for money to help aid Greece and Turkey.
• A few months later, US. Secretary of State George Marshall came up with a plan to aid Western Europe.
• From 1948 to 1951, the Marshall Plan pumped $13 billion worth of supplies, machinery, and food into Western Europe.

Crisis IN BERLIN

• After the war, Germany was divided into four zones. The Soviet Union controlled the eastern part of the country.
• The United States, Britain, and France held zones in the western part.
• Stalin feared that a strong Germany would once again pose a threat to the Soviet Union.
• He wanted to keep Soviet influence in a divided Germany. This disagreement led to a crisis in 1948.
• Stalin feared that a strong Germany would once again pose a threat to the Soviet Union.

THE BORLAND BLOCKAGE AND AIRLIFT

• On June 7, 1948, the United States, Britain, and France announced a plan.
• They would unite their zones to form a new West German nation.
• It would include the parts of Berlin under Western control, and it would have full Western support.
• United States and Great Britain organized an airlift to save the city.
• American and British planes began flying food, fuel, and other supplies into West Berlin.

A DIVIDED GERMANY

• The airlift worked.
• In May 1949, Stalin finally gave in and ended the blockade.
• The Federal Republic of Germany was allied with the United States.
• The German Democratic Republic was a Communist state tied to the Soviet Union.
• Berlin remained a divided city within East Germany.

THE COLD WAR DEEPENED

• The Berlin crisis was an early battle in a brewing cold war.
• Rather than meet on a battlefield, the two sides built up their armed forces and tried to frighten each other.
• The Western democracies agreed that military cooperation was the best way to contain the Soviets.
• In 1949 the United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
• In 1955 the Soviets responded by setting up the Warsaw Pact.

INDEPENDENCE MOVMENTS

• The Cold War was just one development on the world scene.
• At the same time, the old colonial era was coming to a close.
• Many nations were winning their independence.
• The Philippines achieved independence from the United States in 1946.
• The path to freedom was sometimes bloody.

THE JEWISH STATE OF ISREAL ESTABLISHED

• Jews and Arabs both claimed Palestine, an area the British had controlled.
• In 1947 the United Nations decided to divide Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states.
• The Jews accepted plan, but the Arabs did not.
• After declaring independence in 1948, the Jewish state of Israel came under attack by the armies of neighboring Arab countries.
• first of six major wars between the Arabs and Israelis.

Communism IN CHINA

• China was in a big change.
• In 1949 Communist forces under Mao Zedong.
• Mao Zedong formed a new Communist state, the People’s Republic of China.
• The United States treated the government in Taiwan as the true government of all China.
• The Soviet Union now had a powerful ally in Asia. It looked as if all of Asia could fall to communism.

A NEW RED SCARE

• The Cold War increased Americans’ fears of Communist subversion.
• Many Americans worried that Communist were sneaking into the government.
• "Reds" we're the communist
• U.S. leaders began probing for evidence of Communist influence in the government.
• subversion, or secret attempts to overthrow the government from within.

SPIES RELEVED

MCCARTHYISM