Chapter 22: The Civil War(Part 2)

First Major Battle

• Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina. Lincoln called for every state to provide troops to retake the fort; consequently, four more slave states joined the Confederacy, bringing their total to eleven. The first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred in Maryland during the Baltimore riot of 1861 on April 19. Lincoln soon controlled the border states, after arresting state legislators and suspending habeas corpus,[7] ignoring the ruling of the Supreme Court's Chief Justice that such suspension was unconstitutional, and established a naval blockade that crippled the southern economy.

Battle of Bull Run

• The Battle of Bull Run was a smashing victory for the South. For the North, it was a shocking blow. Lincoln and his generals now realized that ending the war would not be easy.

Lincoln

• The blockade was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln in April 1861, and required the monitoring of 3,500 miles of Atlantic and Gulf coastline, including 12 major ports, notably New Orleans and Mobile. Many attempts to run the blockade were successful,[1] but those ships fast enough to evade the Union Navy could only carry a small fraction of the supplies needed.[2] These blockade runners were operated largely by British citizens, making use of neutral ports such as Havana, Nassau and Bermuda. The Union commissioned 500 ships, which destroyed or captured about 1,500 blockade runners over the course of the war.

How South Fought Back

• Blockade Runners- Iron plated the merrimack & attacked Union ships

Invention of the Ironclad

• The famous battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack ushered in the age of ironclad warships, but it is often forgotten that that battle ended in a draw, with both vessels firing upon one another for an extended period with no effect. Temporarily, at least, armor exceeded the penetrating power of naval guns. But armor alone was not a sufficient innovation to radically change modern naval warfare. The Monitor and the Merrimack were slow, underpowered and ungainly vessels not well suited to warfare in the open seas. But the introduction of iron, and later steel, in ship construction enabled builders to fabricate much larger ships that could carry larger guns, more fuel, and withstand weather conditions in the open seas. Added to this, innovations in steam engines, and later oil-fired diesels, made ships faster and more powerful. Turret guns, as appeared on the Monitor, also enabled warships to engage without coming broadside to broadside. A series of what were called "naval races" ensued over the next half century as each of the major powers incorporated more and more innovations into larger and more heavily armed ships, making each previous generation obsolete--perhaps the most famous of which was Britain's introduction of the Dreadnought class in 1906, heralded in by the commissioning of a ship by that same name. However, so rapid were the advancements in naval engineering that the Dreadnought herself was decommissioned in 1919 and scrapped two years later.

Union's main objective

• The union's main objective was to gain control of the Mississippi River.

Commander of the Union Forces

• The Union forces were commanded by U. S. Grant and William S. Rosecrans.

Battle of Shiloh

• The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburgh Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6-7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee.
• The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest Civil War battle in Civil War history or U.S. history up to that point. It played a relatively important role in Union progress in the western theater and the Union victory gave Tennessee to the North.

Union Forces of the East

• General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Army during the later years of the civil ... He is mostly known for the defeat at Second Battle of Bull Run in the east

Main objective of the Eastern battles

• The Eastern Theater was the venue for several major campaigns launched by the Union Army of the Potomac to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia; many of these were frustrated by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. President Abraham Lincoln sought a general to match Lee's boldness, appointing in turn Maj. Gens. Irvin McDowell, George B. McClellan, John Pope, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade to command his principal Eastern armies. It was not until newly appointed general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant arrived from the Western Theater in 1864 to take personal control of operations in Virginia that Union forces were able to capture Richmond, but only after several bloody battles of the Overland Campaign and a nine-month siege near the cities of Petersburg and Richmond. The surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox Court House in April 1865 brought major operations in the area to a close.

Confederacy in the East

• After the attack on Fort Sumter began the civil war, confederate President Jefferson Davis took charge of the army. After four years fighting, it was defeated by the Union Army, ending the Civil War.

President of the Confederacy

• The President of the Confederate States of America was the head of state and head of government of the Confederate States of America, which was formed from the states which declared their secession from the United States, thus precipitating the American Civil War. The only person to hold the office was Jefferson Davis.

Three OUTCOMES OF THE Battle of Antietam

• Antietam enabled the Union to repel the first Confederate invasion of the North.
• The battle allowed Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
• Antietam kept Britain and France on the sidelines.