Tundra

Climate

• Rainfall = 6 to 10 inches annually
• Temperature = -30°F in winter and 37-54°F in summer
• Seasonal Fluctuations - There are only 2 seasons; summer and winter. Snow covered much of year

Global Positioning

• The tundra is located in Alaska, Northern Canada, Northern Scandinavia, Northern Serbia, and Russia
• It is in the northern hemisphere near the north pole.
• 71.2° North and 156° West

Organisms

• Herbivores - Caribou
• Carnivore - Arctic Foxes
• Omnivore - Polar Bears
• Detritivore - Fungi Mushroom flies
• Vascular plant - Dwarf Plant
• Gymnosperm - Sago Palm plant
• Angiosperm - Mosses

Relationships

• Mutualistic Relationship - Arctic Poppy and Arctic Bumble bee
• Commensalistic - Caribou & Arctic Fox

Food Web

Food Chain

Energy Pyramid

Population

• There are 100 species of plants and 21 species of animals.
• The species of flora and fauna does not make much of a difference on the tundra because there are so few of them.

Carrying Capacity

• Carrying capacity is the amount of organisms a land can sustain
• A biome's climate effects it becauses the tundra's harsh climate can not successfully sustain a lot of species.

Exponential Growth

• Exponential growth of a species would cause a negative affect because the tundra's harsh climate cannot successfully sustain a lot of species.

Density Factors

• Density dependent factors are predation and competition
• Density independent factors are temperature and amount of sunlight

Threats to organisms and ecosystem

• Threats to organisms would be temperature because of the harsh climate that makes it hard for organisms to survive
• Threats to ecosystems would be the melting of permafrost as a result of global warming, which could change the landscape and what organisms can inhabit it.

Benificial Resources & Future of Biome

• The benificial natural resources of the tundra is usually its natural minerals like coal aand copper which are helpful to mankind.
• The future of the tundra will slowly begin to get warmer because of global warming. The rising temperatures could kill off 40% of species in the tundra.

Adaptations of Plants

• To survive the tundra, many plants have had to develop the ability to grow under a layer of snow, carry out photosynthesis in extremely cold temperatures, and for flowering plants to produce flowers quickly once summer begins.

Specific Adaptations

• The roots have adapted to only allow plants with shallow root systems to grow in the tundra because of permafrost that prevents it from sending roots under soil
• The Xylem adapts by being able to successfully transfer water under the harsh climates.

Specific Adaptations

• The phloem creates a system that is able to transport from leaves to rest of plant in summer months
• The Flowers can bud by reproducing in the summer
• The seeds have adapted to be able to reproduce in abscence of water

Flora and Fauna

• Vascular Plant - Pasque flower
• Nonvascular plant - liverwort
• Gymnosperm - Sago Palm plant
• Angiosperm - mosses
• Monocot - cotyledon
• Dicot - caespitose
• Fruit - blueberry

Structure of Vascular Plant

• See Attactched

Structure of Leaf

• See Attacthed

The End