a language family that has eight language branches and includes English

a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history

a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

a language that results in the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.