SUMMER

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• Summer, warmest season of the year, between spring and autumn.
• In the Northern Hemisphere In the Southern Hemisphere, as the period between December 22 or 23 and March 20 or 21
• These warmer temperatures mean, of course, heat. Heat is both the bane and blessing of most ecosystems. Summer heat is usually required for animals and plants to survive, but competition over it can be fierce. In tropical ecosystems, for instance, trees and plants are in a continual struggle to reach the most sunlight possible, stretching leaves and fronds toward the summer light and crowding out any smaller plants, which, left in shadow, have little chance of survival.

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