The Immune System

Introduction

• The Immune System can be divided into 2 catergories.
• These 2 categories are: the innate and adaptive immune system.

Innate Immune System

• It consists of 2 categories: barrier systems and inflamatory systems.
• Innate immunity can also be known as non-specific immunity.

Barrier subset

• Barrier immunity refers to natural barriers the body creates to stop the entrance of pathogens.
• It is present from birth.

Barrier Immunity

• It does not become more efficient when exposed to the same pathogen multiple times
• Some examples include: skin, mucus, cilia, and the low Ph of the stomach acid.

The Inflammatory System

• Inflamation occurs when injured cells release histamine, prostoglandins, or bradykinin.
• These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into damaged areas. This causes swelling.

The Inflammatory System

• The swelling also attracts a leukocyte known as the phagocyte.
• Phagocytes swallow the pathogens whole and then neutralize them with enzymes.
• This process is called phagocytosis.
• The most common phagocyte is the neutrophil.

Adaptive Immune System

• The adaptive immune system begins to work when the innate system can no longer handel the threat from the pathogen.

Adaptive Immune System

• There are 2 large subdivisions in the adaptive immune system: humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity.

Humoral Immunity

• Humoral Immunity is mediated by macromolecules. It refers to activity of the immune system in the ECF.
• An example of this type of macromolecule would be the phagocyte.
• Adaptive and Innate immunity both include aspects of Humoral and Cell mediated immunity.

B lymphocytes

• They are created in the bone marrow.
• They are also known as B Cells.
• They play an important part in humoral immunity.

B Cells

• B cells have a protein on their outer layer called "B Cell Receptor"
• It allows them to attach to antigens.
• A B cell's primary function is to create antibodies.

Antibodies

• Antibodies have 2 broad jobs: neutralizing threats and recruiting other proteins or cells to eliminate threats.
• There are 5 types of antibodies.

Antibodies

• IgG: neutralization of microbes and toxins.
• IgA: Mucosal Immunity
• IgE: Defense against worms
• IgM: Activates Complements
• IgD: Antigen receptor for naive B cells

Cell Mediated Immunity

• Refers to immune responses which do not include antibodies.
• Phagocytes and T lymphocytes are examples of cells used for CMI.

T Cells

• There are 2 basic types of T cells: Killer and Helper.
• T cells are usually involved with eliminating infected cells which only create pathogens.

Killer T Cells

• Killer T Cells: These cells find and destroy cells which create pathogens by releasing cytotoxins.
• They recognize these cells by analizing antigens on the surface of cells.

Helper T Cells

• Helper T cells do not kill cells.
• They interact with Killer T cells and B cells and organize their efforts.

Works Cited

• Alberts, Bruce. The Adaptive Immune System. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.
• "Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2 Mar. 2015. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.

Works Cited

• "Innate and Acquired Immunity." Immunity. N.p., 21 Oct. 2004. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.
• "Introduction to Immunology Tutorial." Introduction to Immunology Tutorial. University of Arizona, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.
• Khan, Sal. "B Lymphocytes (B Cells)." Khan Academy. Khan Academy, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.