Most of life's diversity is: microbial

Some plants are dependent on animals for: pollination and seed dispersion.

How many branches represent the domains on the evolutionary tree of life?3

The __reactants____ of a chemical reaction are transformed into different molecules called ____products__.


Why does the salt dissolve in water?

The partial positive charges on hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions, and the partial negative charges on oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions.

A young girl is staring at the raindrops running down her window. She notices that the raindrops remain more or less intact, even as they cascade down the windowpane.

This is a result of: hydrogen bonds

Which could have prevented the bubonic plague in Europe?
Antibiotics

The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed from cells and that new cells can only arise from existing cells. Which statement supports the cell theory? Embryonic cells undergo mitotic division.

Rickettsia typhi is a species of infectious bacterium that is an obligatory intracellular parasite. This means that, similar to viruses, R. typhi cannot reproduce and survive outside of a eukaryotic cell. Why do we consider viruses nonliving, but rickettsia alive?

R. typhi synthesizes its own proteins; viruses use the cell machinery for protein synthesis.
R. typhi has an active membrane; viruses are surrounded by protein coat.
R. typhi has both DNA and RNA; viruses have either one, or the other, but not both.

If plants never relied on insects, birds, or bats to serve as pollinators, which would likely still have developed? Fruit

At some point in their life cycle, all cells have a ___plasma membrane__, whereas not all cells have a(n) ____nuclear membrane

Animal fats such as butter are composed of triacylglycerols with saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature, whereas plant fats and fish oils are composed of triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temperature.

Elements are composed of only one atom

Water readily dissolves compounds that are referred to as hydrophilic

Lipids are defined by a phisical property rather than a structure

clay, which allowed for the formation of nucleic acids
low oxygen conditions, which allowed for the formation of amino acids
the presence of hydrogen, which allowed for the formation of amino acids
phosphates, which allowed for the formation of nucleotides
These were the requirements for early life to form on earth

Cations=

Anions=
Electrons are negetivly charged components of atoms

Ionic=

Co2 is an organic molecule

A researcher has measured the pH of a solution and found that the pH is 10. This solution is _____ and has more _____ compared to _____.

basic; hydroxide ions; protons

Carbon is found In every organic molecule

Phosphodiestar bond=

Glycosidic bond=

Peptide bond= The linkage of one amino acid to another amino acid in a protein

R-group=

Ionic bond=

Which contributes to the measurement referred to as atomic mass? Protons and neutrons

By adding together the number of protons and neutrons and multiplying by 1 amu, you can calculate the mass of the atom.

The ability of atoms to attract electrons is referred to as: electronegativity

Evidence exists that atmospheric CO2 has increased over the last several decades due to human activities. How does increased CO2 level affect the pH of Earth's waters? Due to the formation of carbonic acid, increased CO2 levels decrease the pH of Earth's waters.

, lipids with bulky heads and a single hydrophobic fatty acid tail are wedge-shaped and pack into spherical structures called micelles (Fig. 5.3a). By contrast, lipids with less bulky head groups and two hydrophobic tails are roughly rectangular and form a bilayer

Cholesterol molecules embedded in the lipid bilayer affect the fluidity of the membrane.

Organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins contain relatively weak covalent bonds, including many carbon–carbon (C—C) bonds and carbon–hydrogen (C—H) bonds. Therefore, organic molecules are rich sources of chemical energy and are sometimes called fuel molecules.

Kinetic energy (the energy of motion) such as kicking a ball, or when the ball sitting on the stairs starts to roll down is kinetic energy
Potionetial energy (stored energy) a ball sitting at the top of the stairs. Chemical potential

Chemical energy is a form of potential energy held in chemical bonds such as covalent bonds
The stronger the chemical bond the less energy it contains and the weaker a chemical bond is the more energy it has

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins all have many carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds. These bonds are relatively weak therefore resulting in strong rich chemical energy

The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, which states that the universe contains a constant amount of energy. Therefore, energy is neither created nor destroyed. New energy is never formed, and energy is never lost. Instead, energy changes from one form to another. For example, kinetic energy can change to potential energy and vice versa, but the total amount of energy always remains the same

This principle is summarized by the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the transformation of energy is associated with an increase in disorder of the universe. For example, when kinetic energy is changed into potential energy, the amount of disorder always increases. The degree of disorder is called entropy.

As entropy increases, so does the number of positions and motions available to the molecule