Physical Development
Published on Aug 17, 2016
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Learning Objectives
- Outline principles of physical development and the primary characteristics of children during each developmental period
- Discuss issues related to children's physical health and well-being
Principles of Growth
- Body parts have different rate of growth but follow an overall growth curve.
- Differentiated and integrated functions
- Both qualitative and quantitative changes happen.
- Physical growth is affected by "nurture" and culture
Photo by nathanmac87
Developmental Trend
- Physical growth has different characteristics during each developmental period.
- Group Activity:
Health and Well-Being
Photo by 401(K) 2013
Issues Related to Health and Well-Being
- Obesity
- Eating Disorder
- Teen pregnancy
Overweight and Obesity
- What is considered as overweight? (BMI at or above the 85th percentile)
- What is obesity? (BMI at or above the 95th percentile)
- Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_BMI/english_bmi_calcul...
Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years.
The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12–19 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period.
11% of high school students in NY was considered as obese in 2013.
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/obesity-youth.htm
In 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese.1
Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years.
The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12–19 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period.
11% of high school students in NY was considered as obese in 2013.
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/obesity-youth.htm
In 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese.1
Health Effects of Childhood Obesity
Childhood obesity has both immediate and long-term effects on health and well-being.
Immediate health effects:
Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease.7
Obese adolescents are more likely to have prediabetes, a condition in which blood glucose levels indicate a high risk for development of diabetes.8,9
Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, and social and psychological problems such as stigmatization and poor self-esteem.5,6,10
Long-term health effects:
Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults11-14 and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.6 One study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults.12
Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.15
Some consequences of childhood and adolescent overweight are psychosocial. Obese children and adolescents are targets of early and systematic social discrimination.2 The psychological stress of social stigmatization can cause low self-esteem which, in turn, can hinder academic and social functioning, and persist into adulthood.
Photo by thenext28days
Eating Disorder
Photo by Rega Photography
Eating Disorder
- Types of eating disorders: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia and binge eating
- A personal story
- Statistics
Social Media and Eating Disorder
Photo by mkhmarketing
Social Media and Eating Disorder
- Why do you think the more adolescent girls spend on social media, the more likely they would develop eating disorder?
- What is the problem?
- What do you think of the 2015 Carl's Jr. Super Bowl commercial?
- The problems with the media: Video: Killing us softly: The dangerous ways Ads see women
Risk Taking Behaviors
Photo by Nina Matthews Photography
Teen Pregnancy
Photo by bradfordst219
Teen Pregnancy
- Statistics: In 2014, among American adolescent females aged 15–19 years, the birth rate was 24.2 per 1,000 women.
- The proportion of births that take place during adolescence is about 2% in China, 18% in Latin America and the Caribbean and more than 50% in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Half of all adolescent births occur in just seven countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria and the United States.
In 2014, among adolescent females aged 15–19 years, the birth rate was 24.2 per 1,000 women. This is another historic low for U.S. teens and a drop of 9% from 2013. Birth rates fell 11% for women aged 15–17 years and 7% for women aged 18–19 years. Although the number is declining, the US still has the highest teen pregnancy rate among developed countries.
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/adolescent_pre...
http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/adolescent_pre...
The Cost of Teen Childbearing
- How much do you think teen pregnancy and childbearing cost each year in the United States? What about New York State?
- Toooooooo Much
$9.4
billion
Total costs to taxpayers associated with teen childbearing.
$1,682
The average annual cost to taxpayers associated with a child born to a teen mother each year from birth to age 15.
$12
billion
Estimated national costs saved by taxpayers in 2010 alone due to the nearly one-half decline in the teen birth rate between 1991 and 2010.
http://thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/public-cost
Consequences
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What Can Be Done?
- Respect parents and families and involve them in decision making and prevention.
- Encourage and entrust children to monitor their own health
- Make learning environment safe and set up "zero tolerance" to any bullying or risks
