Born 1035, France. Died 1099, Rome. Became Pope in 1088. Initiator of the Crusades. Called for a Crusade to reconquer the Christian Holy Lands in 1095 at the Council of Clermont in France.
Born 1157 Oxford, England; died 1199, Aquitaine, France. Became Duke of Aquitaine and Poitiers, and King of England. A hero of romantic legend for his leadership of the Third Crusade, he arrived in the Holy Land in 1191 and achieved a series of quick victories over the forces of Saladin in the coastal cities of the eastern Mediterranean
During his second reign he captured Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire, and establishing the Ottoman state as a major power on the Mediterranean