CLONING

Clones are organisms that share the exact same genetic information, but the clone itself DOES NOT have a father

THE HISTORY OF CLONING

People have been cloning for thousands of years. In 1885, Hans Adolf Edward Dreisch performed the first ever demonstration of artificial embryo twinning (cloning) on a Sea Urchin. That experiment showed that each cell in the early embryo has its own set of genetic instructions and can grow into a fully grown organism.

Another example is in 1902 when Hans Spermann used an artificial embryo to clone in a vertebrate. This experiment showed that embryos from a more-complex animal can also be "cloned" to form multiple identical organisms—but only up to a specific stage in development.

THE STEPS TO CLONING

Step 1.

The chosen piece of DNA is ‘cut’ from the source organism using restriction enzymes.

Step 2

The piece of DNA is ‘pasted’ into a carrier agent and the ends of the DNA are joined with that agent DNA by ligation.

Step 3

The vector is introduced into a host cell, often a bacterium or yeast, by a process called transformation. The host cells copy the vector DNA along with their own DNA, creating multiple copies of the inserted DNA.

Step 4

The vector DNA is isolated (or separated) from the host cell's DNA and purified.

SOURCES

• learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/clonezone
• biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/dna_lab/dna_cloning
• Brainpop

Untitled Slide