Brain scientists in the UK and US have collaborated to make ‘a spectacular discovery’ – for the first time in human studies – of how memories are formed and new learning takes place.

A collaboration between Dr Matias Ison and Professor Rodrigo Quian Quiroga at the University of Leicester and Dr Itzhak Fried at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center revealed how a neuron in the brain instantly fired differently when a new memory was formed.

A neuron that has previously fired for a particular memory will also fire as the new association occurs simultaneously.

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The research group at Leicester and UCLA had previously announced the ‘Jennifer Aniston neuron’ -the firing of a single neuron for a single image to form a concept. The team has now proved their hypothesis to be true- and has gone further to demonstrate how new memories are formed.

Founder of the Aniston Neuron link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=635Ntur8K2s

Published on Jul 1, 2015
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Brain scientists in the UK and US have collaborated to make ‘a spectacular discovery’ - for the first time in human studies - of how memories are formed and new learning takes place.

A collaboration between Dr Matias Ison and Professor Rodrigo Quian Quiroga at the Centre for Systems Neuroscience University of Leicester, and Dr Itzhak Fried at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center revealed how a neuron in the brain instantly fired differently when a new memory was formed.

The research group at Leicester and UCLA had previously announced the ‘Jennifer Aniston neuron’ –the firing of a single neuron for a single image to form a concept. The team has now proved their hypothesis to be true- and has gone further to demonstrate how new memories are formed.

The scientists showed patients images of a person in a context e.g. Jennifer Aniston at the Eiffel Tower, Clint Eastwood in front of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Halle Berry at the Sidney Opera House or Tiger Woods at the White House. They found that the neuron that formerly fired for a single image e.g. Jennifer Aniston or Halle Berry, now also fired for the associated image too i.e. the Eiffel Tower or Sidney Opera House.

“The remarkable result was that the neurons changed their firing properties at the exact moment the subjects formed the new memories - the neuron initially firing to Jennifer Aniston started firing to the Eiffel Tower at the time the subject started remembering this association,” said Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, head of the Centre for Systems Neuroscience at the University of Leicester.

“Moreover, we observed these changes after just a single presentation. This is a radical departure from previous experiments in animals where changes have been observed mainly after long training sessions. This is critical to understanding the neural processes underlying real-life memory formation, as in real life we are not repeatedly exposed to an event in order to remember it - just one exposure is enough.”

The researchers from the University of Leicester and Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center have published their research in the peer-reviewed leading journal Neuron. The research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Medical Research Council (MRC), the Human Frontiers Science Program and the Mathers Foundation.
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The scientists showed patients images of a person in a context e.g. Jennifer Aniston at the Eiffel Tower, Clint Eastwood in front of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Halle Berry at the Sidney Opera House or Tiger Woods at the White House. They found that the neuron that formerly fired for a single image e.g. Jennifer Aniston or Halle Berry, now also fired for the associated image too i.e. the Eiffel Tower or Sidney Opera House.

“The remarkable result was that the neurons changed their firing properties at the exact moment the subjects formed the new memories – the neuron initially firing to Jennifer Aniston started firing to the Eiffel Tower at the time the subject started remembering this association,” said Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, head of the Centre for Systems Neuroscience at the University of Leicester.

“Moreover, we observed these changes after just a single presentation. This is a radical departure from previous experiments in animals where changes have been observed mainly after long training sessions. This is critical to understanding the neural processes underlying real-life memory formation, as in real life we are not repeatedly exposed to an event in order to remember it – just one exposure is enough.”

Lead author Matias Ison, Lecturer in Bioengineering in the Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, said: “This is the first study to look at how a single neuron correlates learning of new contextual associations in the human brain. The single neuron underpinning of memory formation has previously been addressed only by animal studies, which can only offer a limited account of how single events can lead to new episodic memories.”

“We previously found that individual neurons in the human brain respond selectively to concepts that are related to each other, such as two co-stars in the same television series (e.g. Jennifer Aniston and Lisa Kudrow, Rachel and Phoebe in the TV series ‘Friends’.) In this study, we wanted to combine the high selectivity of human Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) neurons with the exquisite speed and easiness at which humans can learn complex associations and consciously declare them. For this, we created a memory game that allowed us to “incept” new associations into the subject’s brain.”

“Given the involvement of MTL neurons in memory formation, we hypothesised that we would be able to see some changes in the firing of the neurons. But the astonishing fact was that these changes were dramatic, in the sense of neurons changed from being very silent to firing a lot, and that these changes occurred at the exact moment of learning, even after one trial. The emergence of association of concepts established after single trials, linked to rapid neural activity changes, turned out to be ideal for the creation of new episodic memories.”

“We monitored the activity of individual neurons in the human brain while presenting patients with pairs of unrelated pictures in a laptop i.e. people and places. The pictures would show, for instance, a picture of Clint Eastwood with the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa at the back. We basically found that neurons rapidly changed their firing patterns to encode new associations. In this way, a cell that was responsive to only one picture before learning (say Clint Eastwood), later started firing to an associated picture (the famous Italian Tower), while remaining silent to other pictures. But the striking fact was that these firing changes occurred at the exact moment of learning and sometimes even after one single presentation. These results tell us something important about how groups of neurons in the brain encode related concepts to store new memories.”

Dr Ison said understanding the underpinnings of episodic formation is a central problem in neuroscience because of how important memory is for our everyday life. Moreover, this type of memory is affected in patients suffering from certain neurological disorders.

The discovery that individual neurons in the Medial Temporal Lobe, the brain’s main engine for memory formation, changed their firing to encode new associations even after one single presentation provides a plausible mechanism underlying the creation of new memories. The study suggests that the experience of learning can be traced back to changes in individual neurons in the brain.

Dr Ison said: “A better understanding of how assemblies of neurons represent learning and memory might lead to novel ideas about our memory capacities and how these might deteriorate in patients suffering from certain neurological disorders.”

About this learning and memory research
Facts:

Observations based on human brain studies
Study reveals that the same brain neuron that fires for one image (Jennifer Aniston) would also fire instantly for another image (Eiffel Tower) if the volunteer had been shown an image of Jennifer Aniston at the Eiffel Tower
This remarkable result shows that the neurons changed their firing properties at the exact moment the subjects formed the new memories
It demonstrates that the neuron encodes the memory of the person as well as the place if they are both shown together. Therefore a memory has been formed of that person at that place ‘The discovery that individual neurons in the Medial Temporal Lobe, the brain’s main engine for memory formation, changed their firing to encode new associations even after one single presentation provides a plausible mechanism underlying the creation of new memories. The study suggests that the experience of learning can be traced back to changes in individual neurons in the brain.’
Dr Ison worked with Professor Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, director of the Centre for Systems Neuroscience at the University of Leicester, senior co-author and Dr Itzhak Fried, neurosurgeon and senior co-author based at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles.

Funding: This work was supported by the NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Medical Research Council, Human Frontiers Science Program and the Mathers Foundation.

Source: Matias Ison – University of Leicester
Image Credit: Image is credited to University of Leicester
Video Source: The video is available at the University of Leicester YouTube page
Original Research: Full open access research for “Rapid Encoding of New Memories by Individual Neurons in the Human Brain” by Matias J. Ison, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, and Itzhak Fried in Neuron. Published online June 4 2015 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.016

Abstract

Rapid Encoding of New Memories by Individual Neurons in the Human Brain

Highlights
•Contextual associations were used to model the formation of new memories
•Human single neurons changed their firing patterns to encode new associations
•Changes occurred at the exact moment of learning, even after single presentations
•The rapid speed of neural changes is compatible with episodic memory formation

Summary
The creation of memories about real-life episodes requires rapid neuronal changes that may appear after a single occurrence of an event. How is such demand met by neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), which plays a fundamental role in episodic memory formation? We recorded the activity of MTL neurons in neurosurgical patients while they learned new associations. Pairs of unrelated pictures, one of a person and another of a place, were used to construct a meaningful association modeling the episodic memory of meeting a person in a particular place. We found that a large proportion of responsive MTL neurons expanded their selectivity to encode these specific associations within a few trials: cells initially responsive to one picture started firing to the associated one but not to others. Our results provide a plausible neural substrate for the inception of associations, which are crucial for the formation of episodic memories.

“A Modality-Specific Feedforward Component of Choice-Related Activity in MT” by Alexandra Smolyanskaya, Ralf M. Haefner, Stephen G. Lomber, and Richard T. Born in Neuron. Published online June 10 2015 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.018