KEIN SORGEN, PHILOSOPHIE
Published on Feb 23, 2016
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
epistemolgy
berkeley -gegen- locke
EPISTEMOLOGY
Study of Knowledge. It’s main questions are the nature and the extent of knowledge. A priori and A posteriori.
branches
- externalism/internalism
- skepticism
- foundationalism
- rationalism
- fallibilism
- coherentism
- positivism
EMPIRICISM
Is the view that sensory experience is the source of human ideas (or concepts) and human knowledge.
Empiricist maintain that all ideas derive from experience.
They deny the implication of the corresponding Innate Concept thesis that we have innate ideas in the subject area.
Sense experience is our only source of ideas.
Empiricist maintain that all ideas derive from experience.
They deny the implication of the corresponding Innate Concept thesis that we have innate ideas in the subject area.
Sense experience is our only source of ideas.
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J. LOCKE
-AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
"No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experiences"
-j. locke
KEY CONCEPTS IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND HIS THEORY
LOCKE
- tabula rasa
- idea
- common link
1: Locke's theory in which he believed that the mind came to the world a tabula rasa, a blank slate, with no knowledge and no ideas, though it does have the ability to acquire ideas and knowledge.
2: His use of the term idea is very vague.
3: Locke said there is a common link between all of our mental resources and thus a sense in which they can legitimately fall under one label.
2: His use of the term idea is very vague.
3: Locke said there is a common link between all of our mental resources and thus a sense in which they can legitimately fall under one label.
G. BERKELEY
-A TREATISE CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE-
"to be, is to be perceived"
-g. berkeley.
KEY CONCEPTS IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND HIS THEORY
BERKELEY
- immaterialism
- idealism
- geometrical theory
1: Berkeley's theory in which he stated that there only exists two kinds of existence species, ideas and minds/souls/spirits. Nothing really exists because everything depends on our minds.
2: theory in which knowledge is based by the collection of ideas which exists inside our mind, those ideas being mind-dependent.
3: Descartes theory in stating that there's a geometrical account which is based on angles between perceived objects & the eyes or angles of rays that fall upon the eye.
2: theory in which knowledge is based by the collection of ideas which exists inside our mind, those ideas being mind-dependent.
3: Descartes theory in stating that there's a geometrical account which is based on angles between perceived objects & the eyes or angles of rays that fall upon the eye.
division of experiences
sensations and reflection - l
D1: experience divided in two, sensations & reflection. The first is the sensation which we employ when acquiring ideas associated with external objects(soft, hard, white, cold). Then is the reflection which is the perception of the operation of our own minds within us. (perception, thinking, doubting,believing)-A
extreme
empiricist - b
D1: Berkeley is extremely empiricist. To him, knowledge is only acquired through experience and the senses. Therefore, objects can’t exist distinct from them being perceived. This would require for an object to be known (as an idea) and unknown (as something distinct from being perceived), which is inconsistent. In other words, if an object is perceived, it does exists, but if it is not perceived, then it fails to exist. Something which I can’t touch, smell, see, hear or taste, does not exists. -V
CLASSIFICATION OF IDEAS
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX - l
SD2: Locke divides the ideas into two kinds: simple and complex. Simple ideas come from sense only and it contains nothing but one uniform appearance; this means that this idea like the idea of red can’t be divided into more ideas. In something that both of them agree is that ideas can be perceived by more than one sense. Simple ideas can be perceived by senses, reflection( perception or thinking) or by both combined.
Complex ideas basically, joins in the mind several simple ideas and labels the aggregate of them. They can be: simple ideas combined in substances, then ideas of relations between objects and for last by the use of abstraction. -A
Complex ideas basically, joins in the mind several simple ideas and labels the aggregate of them. They can be: simple ideas combined in substances, then ideas of relations between objects and for last by the use of abstraction. -A
no division
team - b
SD2: To Berkeley, there’s no division. He states in his theory that the collection of ideas is which makes the object. Therefore, there’s no difference between complex or simple ideas, because they are just ideas which complete the qualities of that certain object. He denies that there’s the difference between obtaining the knowledge from our senses, reflection or combined. To Berkeley, we can only truly know something when we experience it. Also, to him the most trusted sense is touch.
-V
-V
THESIS OF RESEMBLANCE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES - l
D3:Our ideas of primary qualities actually resemble those qualities in bodies (mind-independent facts: solidity, shape, etc). Mind-independent facts like solidity and shape are qualities that a body will always have, even without being perceived by someone. On the other hand, secondary qualities, which produce ideas in us, do not resemble anything in the bodies themselves (mind-dependent facts: smell, taste, etc). Mind-dependent facts like smell and taste are qualities that a body doesn’t have in and of itself. A body only has mind-dependent facts when we perceive it. fire ex.
the strip down
of primary and secondary qualities - b
D3: resemblance: Every idea must be sensible-perceived. There’s no way in which we can separate the qualities from the object because, for Berkeley, those qualities are included in a whole. Both are mind-dependent and therefore are necessary for the certain object to exist. There is no basis for a distinction between primary and secondary qualities, because if one is mind-dependent, the other one is mind-dependent as well. To him, the stripping down of qualities from a particular idea into a new one which is general, and abstract as Locke did, is impossible. There’s the possibility of one idea to be alike another idea. -V
Indirect knowledge
- l
S: Knowledge is not directly about anything other than our ideas. I does not directly perceive tables and chairs but only ideas of chairs and tables, ideas supplied by way of mechanistic sensory impact from actual, mind-independent tables and chairs. -A
imprinted senses
- b
S: Knowledge is either the ideas imprinted on the senses, those perceived by attending to the operations of the mind, or ideas formed by memory and imagination. We only perceive ideas or as often referred to as, ordinary objects. We perceive one idea by means of perceiving another. Every object is conformed of a collection of those ideas which reside in our minds, but describes a certain object, like a tree, chair, table, book, etc. -V
Impulse theory
- l
S1: Bodies produced ideas in us via mechanical impact or “impulse”. Locke conceived of insensible particles impacting on our sensory organs, and thereby transmitting motion through the insensible particles of our organs to our brains. -A
Kinesthetic theory
- b
S1: Contrary to the geometrical theory proposed by Descartes, Berkeley proposed the theory in which we can perceive objects at various distances by our senses. Because to him, everything is mind-dependent, so are measures and objects which are far from our place. In order to get to the right answer, we must follow three steps. Because I have the kinesthetic ability to focus with my eyes, I will do so in order to perceive the object I’m trying to reach with my senses. If I get closer to the object, the appearance becomes blurred or confused. That doesn’t stop me from having again the ability to focus my eyes and therefore, truly perceive the object.
mechanism
- l
S: Empiricists try to explain the change with the theory of mechanism which is the view that all natural change can be explained in terms of the size, shape and motion of matter.
But there is the further question about the source or cause of motion itself. We never observe any idea of the production of motion.
D:Material bodies cannot move themselves, and they require an external cause in order to be moved. POWER=SOURCE OF CHANGE
According to Locke, we receive the idea of power by observing change within ourselves as well as around us. Two kinds of power: Active(only souls and God have it, ability to cause change) and Passive(to receive change).-A
immaterial mechanism
- b
Berkeley could not endorse mechanism the same way that other empiricists did. He might have endorsed an immaterialist version of the mechanism. He held that certain mechanical qualities of bodies (collections of ideas) are regularly followed by other (ideas), and so the former to explain the latter. Berkeley could have agreed with the other empiricists that mechanism is the program for the securing of human knowledge, but he insisted in the immaterialism. Therefore, it must be understood as only applying to it, the immaterial world.
independent
perception - l
D: The realism component: It maintains that bodies, or material objects, exist independently of perception. That is, the existence of bodies is in no way dependent on being perceived, and is in no way a mere illusion. -A
"to be is to
be perceived" - b
D: As Berkeley’s quote goes “to be, is to be perceived” there’s no room for the non-perceived. If a tree falls in the forest and there’s no one to experience it, then there’s no tree falling. Perhaps, there’s not even a tree. But, the inconsistency of Berkeley’s theory arrives when he states that it does happens (the tree falling) because the one spirit/mind/soul is watching over everything. That One soul is: God. - V
Locke's
conditions of knowledge
(CONDITIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE)
Having an idea does not constitute knowledge. Certainty is required for knowledge, on the other hand, is inconsistent with judging falsely.Knowledge required certainty and certainty has to do with perceiving ‘agreement’ between ideas. In order to obtain knowledge we must make a connection between our ideas and relate them, and if this isn’t possible then it isn’t knowledge.-A
Having an idea does not constitute knowledge. Certainty is required for knowledge, on the other hand, is inconsistent with judging falsely.Knowledge required certainty and certainty has to do with perceiving ‘agreement’ between ideas. In order to obtain knowledge we must make a connection between our ideas and relate them, and if this isn’t possible then it isn’t knowledge.-A
berkeley's
conditions of knowledge
In order to be true, it must be perceived. For example, dreams, hallucinations, are not real, because we can't even control it and they do not pass through our senses, but our minds only.
locke's acquirement
of knowledge
(HOW IS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED) For Locke there are three degrees of knowledge intuitive( knowledge by way of intuition is immediate) demonstrative (the perception of agreement of ideas by way of proofs) and for last sensitive knowledge ( knowledge we get from the sensations lead us to believe that external bodies exist.) -A
berkeley's acquirement
of knowledge
The only way to know something is by perceiving it. The master argument claims that nothing is if not perceived. Therefore, in order to know something, if it exists, or what it is, we must use our senses to perceive it. Nothing can exist outside of our mind. -V
sources
- Flage, Daniel E. "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. James Madison University, n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2015.
- Bettcher, Talia Mae. "Berkeley. A Guide for the Perplexed". Continuum. Continuum Books, n.d. 01 Oct. 2015
- Uzgaliz, William. "John Locke" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. n.d. 01 Oct. 2015.
