Japanese INternment
Published on Nov 27, 2015
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Japanese INternment
Background
- On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
- Initially most people defended the Japanese Americans
- Describing them as "good Americans, born and educated as such."
- After the Niihau Incident people started having doubts.
- On February 19, 1942 Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Exc Order 9066
Photo by jamieca
Executive order 9066
- military commanders to designate "military areas" at their discretion
- As a result, nearly 122,000 of Japanese ancestry were relocated to camps
- The Munson Report found "There will be no armed uprising of Japanese"
A study secretly commissioned by President Roosevelt (1940) to assess the possibility that Japanese Americans would pose a threat to US security before Pearl Harbor was bombed found that "There will be no armed uprising of Japanese" in the United States. "For the most part," the Munson Report said, "the local Japanese are loyal to the United States or, at worst, hope that by remaining quiet they can avoid concentration camps or irresponsible mobs."
Proving that the internment was motivated by something other then "military necessity"
Proving that the internment was motivated by something other then "military necessity"
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- White farmers wanted internment for the Japanese
- they could produce everything and they were taking white farmers profits
- White Hawaiian businessmen fought against internment
- Because of this only 1,200 of the 150,000 on the islands were interned
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- Although they denied it for years, it has recently been
- confirmed that the US Census Bueurau gave away the name of
- Japanese citizens to the Secret Service.
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- small-town existence with fire and police departments, newspapers, and baseball teams
- "Aside from the absurdity of living that way, life went on pretty much as usual"
- Caucasian WRA employees set the basic policies of each camp
- Internees drew up charters and organized similar to cities of the same size
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Life In the camp
- Internees were employed in the camps to keep them self sufficient
- Worked 44 hours a week and were paid from $12 to $19 per month
- Food was provided usually at a cost of about 45 cents per person per day.
- subject to the same food rationing restrictions as other Americans
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- Medical and dental were provided by others in the camps
- Schooling was provided to students, taught by both Caucasians and interns
- College students were able to apply for leave outside of the camps
leaving the camps
- There were actually many groups that were able to apply for leave
- College students
- People with employment opportunities elsewhere
- People who needed 30 days to attend to matters outside the camp
Some camp administrations eventually allowed relatively free movement outside the marked boundaries of the camps. Nearly a quarter of the internees left the camps to live and work elsewhere in the United States, outside the exclusion zone. Eventually, some were authorized to return to their hometowns in the exclusion zone under supervision of a sponsoring American family or agency whose loyalty had been assured
It was a long and difficult process to get out "because this type of leave includes both citizens and aliens, [and] the applicants must be cleared by the FBI and through the Record Office of the WRA."
Internment ends
- On December 18, 1944, the Supreme Court
- declared that loyal citizens of the United States, , could not be detained without cause.
- On January 2, 1945, the exclusion order was rescinded entirely.
The internees then began to leave the camps to rebuild their lives at home, although the relocation camps remained open for residents who were not ready to make the move back. The freed internees were given $25 and a train ticket to their former homes.
The last internment camp was not closed until 1946
The last internment camp was not closed until 1946
Photo by afagen
