Head Over Hooves
Published on Nov 18, 2015
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
The definition of equestrian jumping is a competitive sport of riding horses over a course of obstacles as quickly and skillfully as possible, the winner is judged according to ability and speed.
Photo by Heidi Schuyt
Motion:
The horse makes both circular paths and straight lines.
The horse makes circular paths during their trots when they turn before a jump.
Horses also do straight paths when they are about to jump over the obstacle to gain speed and position where they are going to jump.
Photo by sffubs
Newton’s First law:
At the beginning of the event both the horse and the rider are at rest.
When the rider prods the horse, the horse begins to trot and both stay in motion until the rider stops the horse.
If the horse stops suddenly, unless the rider is exerting a force backwards (unbalanced) the rider will fall forward with constant velocity.
Photo by Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games
Newton’s Second Law:
If there are multiple horses moving with the same acceleration and exerting the same force, the horse with a greater mass would do the best.
The larger the mass of the horse and the more acceleration due to gravity, the greater the force being exerted by the horse prior to a jump.
Photo by Les Willis
Newton’s Third Law:
When a horse jumps, then the jump pushes back on the horse.
How far and high the horse goes depends on the magnitude of the force with which the horse has hit the jump.
Photo by Myprofe
Friction:
The force of friction acts mostly on the horse’s hooves.
Their hooves continue to grow, but work from riding can wear their hooves down too much. Horseshoes nailed on to their feet to help stop the horses hooves from wearing out too much.
Studs are small nails that stick out from the horseshoe that increases the force of friction making it easier to grip slippery surfaces.
Horses need to have a large force of friction so that the horse can push off of the ground without slipping.
Photo by VOXSPORTSdotNET
Horse Force
A horse’s force will depend on their back legs and the speed they are going at.
Trot:
The trot is right before the horse gets ready to approach its obstacle.
The more speed the horse has the higher/farther it can travel.
Upon approaching the jump the horse and rider have only kinetic energy that will inevitably be turned into potential energy in the phase they are over the jump.
The horse will do most of the work , but the rider has to be working simultaneously with it for everything to run smoothly.
Photo by Walraven
Approach:
The approach is the last three full strides the horse takes before pushing off for the take-off.
The horse must get to the fence at a steady speed and this helps the horse concentrate on the best spot to take off from.
This is when it posses kinetic energy.
The horse has to reach forward and down with their neck to lower front legs and her center mass (CM).
The front legs have to be propped or scuttled out in the front of the horse's body to help break the action then that allows momentum to carry their hind legs further under the their body than would be otherwise possible.
KE = 1/2mv*2
Photo by Elrenia_Greenleaf
Takeoff:
As the horse pushes with its hind legs off the ground, they exert a force down on the earth, which in return pushes back up at an equal force.
The force a horse uses on earth depends on the height of the object, higher the jump the more force needed to lift off the ground.
Photo by carterse
Airtime:
The point where the horse reaches its highest point in the jump.
The velocity of horse and rider is zero and they now possess potential energy.
After the arc in their Parabola, they begin descending to the ground due to gravity.
PE=mgy
Photo by jurvetson
Landing:
The force at which the horse hits the ground is affected by the speed and mass of the horse.
The ground exerts as much force on the horse's front legs which exert force on the ground.
Impact time can be reduced and softened by arena footing. This slows the time of impact down. However not completely to zero, as the horse immediately gains kinetic energy and transfers it to potential with each foot step.
Photo by JDB Sound Photography
Speed
The average horse’s walk speed is 6.4 km/h.
The average trot speed is 13 km/h.
The canter ranges from about 16-27 km/h.
The gallop is about 40-48 km/h on average.
Photo by Patrick Goossens
Momentum:
The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.
Horses need to have a large amount of momentum or a large quantity of motion in order to complete a jump.
Momentum is needed for the horse to jump forward, when the horse is in midair, and when the horse lands on the ground.
Photo by madnzany
Energy Conversions
HORSE POWER:
Many of the energy conversions happen throughout the jump.
All the conversions involve kinetic and potential energy.
The conversion can happen when the horse gains kinetic energy and transfers it to potential with each foot step or when the velocity of the horse and the rider are zero and posses kinetic energy.
The final conversion of energy happens when the horse is
approaching the jump and the horse and rider have only kinetic energy that which will be inevitably be turned into potential energy over the jump .
Energy Conservation:
The horse needs to conserves energy and maintain flexibility during the jump, so the horse has a passive tendinous system and a muscular system.
With elastic tissue in the head/neck and abdomen, it gives extra support providing an energy conserving-mechanism for the horse.
The horse conserves energy when they stride during their trot, so the amount of kinetic energy before the jump is equal to the amount of potential during the jump.
Energy Transfer:
The horses has energy that transfers into its hind legs and hooves which help the horse get enough force to jump.
The horse's force is then transferred to their momentum going forward to reach over enough to pass the obstacle.
Then the transfer is to their front legs to land the jump.
Technology:
Most of the technology is used in advance to equipment used in the equestrian games.
The saddle used to be much heavier, but was later improved with light cloth.
The tree helps keep the rider’s weight off the horse’s sensitive spine.
Then stirrups allow the rider to stay off the horse’s back even more because the rider could stand up in the saddle.
All of these advancements were have made a huge impact, now the horse has a free range of motion, allowing it to go over jumps/move quicker.
Photo by TyB
Connections with the Equipment:
If the equipment is incorrectly placed/fitted to the horse it can prevent the horse from moving naturally or cause injury.
The saddle is placed behind the horse’s shoulders because it’s their center of gravity.
Sometimes the pressure to the horse can cause the horse to be unable to reach forward as freely with its forelegs.
And if the rider can’t stay with the horse and move their body in the same rhythm, the horse will not comply with the rider because it is uncomfortable.
Photo by Edward Dalmulder
Equipment
Bit
Blinkers
Bridle
Cup
Photo by Richard Messenger
Fence
Gate
Photo by Ben Grader
Saddle
Safety Cup
Spur
Photo by K. Sawyer Photography
The End :)
Sources:
Stinner, Art. "The Physics of Equestrian Show Jumping." The Physics Teacher Phys. Teach. 52.4 (2014): 202-06. Arthurstinner. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.
http://www.arthurstinner.com/stinner/pdfs/2014-tpt.pdf
"Icon Set with Horse Equipment in Flat Style." Dreamstime. N.p., n.d. Web.
13 Oct. 2015.
"Pinterest." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.
Rooney, James R. The Lame Horse. Neenah, WI, USA: Russell Meerdink, 1998. Print.
Photo by Marcin Wichary
Sources:
"Equestrian Jumping Equipment, History and Rules | Olympic.org."Equestrian Jumping Equipment, History and Rules | Olympic.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
"Motion and Forces Involved in Horseback Riding." Online Homework Help SchoolWorkHelper. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015.
http://schoolworkhelper.net/motion-and-forces-involved-in-horseback-riding/
Photo by Reeding Lessons
