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Fertility

Published on Nov 28, 2015

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1.

Fertility

Measures of fertility & Factors influencing fertility
Photo by Digital Vision.
2.

Measures of fertility

Crude Birth Rate & Total Fertility Rate
Photo by sciencesque
3.

'Crude' Birth Rate

The number of births per 1,000 people in a population.
Photo by Digital Vision.
4.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of births a woman would have throughout her childbearing yrs.
Photo by Eileen Delhi
5.

Replacement Level

Fertility level at which couples have enough children to replace themselves.
Photo by Sky View
6.

Discuss the importance of varied factors in influencing fertility.

Photo by BananaStock
7.

Factors affecting fertility

Socio-economic/Socio-cultural/Biological/Institutional
Photo by sundaykofax
8.

Social status of women

Changing attitudes about gender equality
Photo by UNDP in Europe and Central Asia
9.

Women's status in society

  • Role of caretaker in domestic sphere?
  • Gainfully employed in the workforce?
  • Choosing financial independence?
  • Choosing to become a breadwinner?
  • Choosing size of family?
Photo by lunamom58
10.

Changing timing of marriage

Under what circumstances is this factor important?
Photo by joe bustillos
11.

Delays in age at first marriage; more people are remaining single for longer.

Photo by martinak15
12.

Women's mean age at childbirth

  • Women with later first coital ages have greater degree of infertility.
  • Expansion of fertility treatments may reduce involuntary childlessness.
  • However, note that more woman are still choosing not to have children.
Photo by Marili Forastieri
13.

Decline in marriage as the conventional setting for having children especially in N. Europe and Scandinavia.

Photo by chrissthegirl
14.

Degree of acceptance/approval of cohabitation may contribute to relatively higher TFR in some DCs than others.

Photo by thrill kills sunday pills
15.

Changing perceptions about children

Attitudes about childlessness and parenthood
Photo by Rennett Stowe
16.

Procreation subject to weighing of costs & rewards

  • Increased responsibility and time commitment
  • Social scrutiny of parenthood
  • Economic costs of career advancement
  • Intangible rewards of parenting
Photo by Peter Werkman (www.peterwerkman.nl)
17.

Access to contraception

  • Sexual unions without the desire to have children
  • Technology of contraceptives has improved so women have choices
  • Legality of induced abortion
  • Breastfeeding as a natural contraceptive
Photo by anqa
18.

Institutional factors

How effective is the role of government in influencing fertility?
Photo by mrlins
19.

Employment & Fertility

  • Provision of support for childcare
  • Flexible working arrangements
  • Gender equality
  • Security of jobs
  • 'Work-life balance' ...beyond monetary rewards
Photo by aussiegall
20.

Cultural/religious factors

Potential mediating or conditioning roles of religion?
Photo by karlhans
21.

Case studies: China, W. Europe & S'pore

  • Policies can increase/decrease birth rates
  • Reasons to increase/decrease BR
  • Measures to increase/decrease BR
  • Effectiveness of measures - was desired BR achieved?
  • Consequences of measures?
Photo by claudinec

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