Crispr
Published on Nov 16, 2022
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Crispr
By: Nala Johnson
What is Crispr
- A relatively new advancement in DNA technology is gnome editing which removes or replaces specific sequences in DNA.
- While there are several different ways of gnome editing Crispr is the most widely used.
- Crispr stands for Clustered regularly inter-spaced short palindromic repeats.
- It was discovered that crispr functions as an immune defense against viruses invading prokaryotes.
Photo by Sangharsh Lohakare
A little about the women who developed Crispr
- In 2020,Emmanuel Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna won the Nobel prize in chemistry for their pioneering work on genome editing using Crispr technology.
- In 2011,after meeting at a scientific conference, Charpentier and Doudna began collaborating on Crispr/Cas9 research related to bacterial immunity.
- The first significant discovery they made was that bacteria uses a system to destroy the DNA of viruses that invade their cells.
The CRISPR/Cas9 System
- The Crispr system is based on an endonuclease enzyme.
- By identifying nucleotide sequences in the genomic DNA of the invader, this enzyme breaks both strands of DNA, rending the virus inactive.
- Using guide RNA molecules that complement the base pairs in genomic DNA sequence,Cas9 determines which nucleotides need to be cut.
Crispr/Cas9 Contiued
- Additionally guide RNA can be designed so that they are specific to only one sequence. It will increase the chance of DNA being cut there and nowhere else in the genome. Upon further testing, it was found that the system works quite well in human cells too.
The Limitations of Crispr
- Even cells that take in Crispr/Cas may not have genome editing activated.
- In many clinical applications, it is difficult to deliver Crispr/Cas material in large numbers. Most viral vectors are used for delivery.
