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Toward a New Worldview
The Scientific Revolution
Essential Questions
- What were some new scientific theories and discoveries?
- What were some of the effects of these new theories?
Everything is history!
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SCIENCE... in history class?
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Thinking of the Past
- Derived from Ptolemy, Aristotle, and Plato
- Medieval Cosmology
- Medieval Physics
- Belief in matter and form
- Science=Philosophy
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Until the 16th century, most Europeans saw little difference between science and magic.
Alchemy
Medieval chemistry that attempted to convert metals to gold and create eternal elixirs
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Astrology
Belief that there is a direct divine relationship between astronomy and human events
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With the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Age of Discovery, Europe was experiencing TREMENDOUS changes!
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Causes of the Scientific Revoution
- Renaissance wealth = MONEY for science, technology, and education
- Reformation Ideas challenge Church's authority on our world
- The Age of Discovery literally expanded horizons and spawned curiosity!
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
From the 1500s - 1700s, science replaces religion in explaining the physical world.
The natural world can be explained through observation and questioning accepted beliefs.
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FRANCIS BACON'S SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- 1561-1626
- Attorney and member of English Parliament
- Argued for an empirical and inductive approach to life
- EXPERIMENT and then DRAW CONCLUSIONS - Scientific Method
BACON - Believed that by understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve peoples lives
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GEOCENTRIC THEORY
The Earth is at the center of the Universe. Thanks a lot Ptolemy!
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Aristotle
In 322 BC, he believed in GEOCENTRIC THEORY
God DELIBERATELY placed Earth at the center of the Universe!
The Heliocentric Model
Somewhere between 1503 and 1535, a Polish scientist came along...
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- 1473-1543
- Used Greek theory and astronomy to show planets revolve around the sun.
- First to develop the HELIOCENTRIC theory!
- Did not publish his writings until his death for fear of persecution
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Galileo Galilei
- 1564-1642 Born in Pisa, Italy
- Mathemetician and astronomer
- Developed theories on falling objects and acceleration
- Created a telescope to study the heavens - Moon is round, Venus has phases & moons of Jupiter
Galileo continued...
- Galileo used the telescope to SUPPORT Copernicus' HELIOCENTRIC theory
- This contradicted Aristotle and the Roman Catholic Church so he was declared a heretic by the Inquisition
- Was forced to recant his beliefs and was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life
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Johannes Kepler
- 1571-1630
- German mathematician and astronomer
- Explained how the tides are effected by the moon
- Cataloged stars and planets
- Developed his three theories of PLANETARY MOTION planets travel in an ellipse around the Sun
Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity
- 1642-1726
- English physicist and mathematician
- Wrote Principia, which is the basis for classical mechanics
- Studied prisms and light, the speed of sound, and viscosity of fluid
- Built on Kepler's theories
- Formulated the LAWS OF MOTION and GRAVITY
Theory of Light
All colors of light combine to make white light.
Laws of Motion
INERTIA: An object will remain at rest or continue to move in a uniform straight line at a constant velocity unless acted on by a force
ACCELERATION: The rate of change of velocity is proportional to the force acting on it.
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ACTION AND REACTION: If one object exerts a force upon another, that second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
William Harvey
1578-1657
William Harvey
- English physician to James I, Charles I, and Francis Bacon too
- Studied the heartbeat and discovered the CIRCULATION OF BLOOD through the body
- Found that blood flows through veins and arteries in only one direction
"Most serene King! The animal’s heart is the basis of its life, its chief member, the sun of its microcosm; on the heart all its activity depends, from the heart all its liveliness and strength arise. Equally is the king the basis of his kingdoms, the sun of his microcosm, the heart of the state; from him all power arises and all grace stems."
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Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution REVIEW
- Copernicus- heliocentric theory
- Galileo- used telescope to support heliocentric theory
- Kepler- planetary motion
- Newton- laws of motion and gravity
- Harvey- circulation of blood
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