Charles's reign was rocky from the outset. his good friend George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, openly manipulated parliament, creating powerful enemies among the nobility. He was assassinated in 1628. Charles had to contend with a parliament that disagreed with his military spending. Religious tension also abounded. Charles, a High Anglican with a Catholic wife, aroused suspicion among his Protestant countrymen. As a result of these tensions, Charles dissolved parliament three times in the first four years of his rule. In 1629, he dismissed parliament altogether. ruling along meant raising funds by non-parliament means--- angering the general public. Meanwhile, religious oppression in the kingdom drove puritans and Catholics to the North American colonies.