CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

RAVENSTEIN'S LAWS

• Reasons why people migrate
• Distance they typically move
• Their characteristics

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

MIGRATION

• Immigration: moving TO a location
• Emmigration: moving FROM a location
• Net Migration: difference between immigrants & emmigrants
• Migration is a form of mobilitiy

REASONS FOR MIGRATING

• Push factor: reasons that make people want to move out of their location
• Pull factor: reasons that attract a person to a location

QUESTION:

CULTURAL FACTORS

• Refugees: people who have been forced to migrate from their homes
• People may be attracted to a different form of government somewhere
• After communist rule in late 1940's many people migrated
• They moved to democracies in Western Europe and North America

ECONOMIC FACTORS

• People look for more job opportunities
• Many people move to USA & Canada for better jobs

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

• Attractive environments such as mountainsides, seasides & warm
• People who live in harsher climates tend to move to more temperate places
• Florida is a good example
• Flooding and other environmental disasters push people from their homes
• People dont live near floodplains (areas of a river subject to flooding)

OBSTACLES

• Intervening obstacles: environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
• In the past, usually were environmental like Oceans & other bodies of water
• Mountains and deserts were obstacles before railroads & other transportation
• Now, more cultural obstacles like legal documents & passports

INTERNAL MIGRATION

• Internal migration: permanent movement in the same country
• People more often do this because less of a difference
• There is generally the same language, foods, broadcasts, etc
• Interregional: movement from one region to another
• Intraregional: movement within one region

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

• Voluntary migration: person has chosen to move for economic improvement
• Forced migration: person was compelled to move by cultural factors
• Wilbur Zelinsky identified migration transition
• Migration transition: consists of changes in society compared to demographic

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS

• Most long distance are males
• Most long distance are adult individuals, not families
• Males tend to travel farther to look for work
• Tend to be young adults looking for work, not children or parents

QUESTION:

WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED?

GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS

• Asia, Latin America and Africa have net out-migration
• North America, Europe and Oceania net in-migration
• People in LDC's go to MDC's for better job opportunity
• United States has more foreign residents than any country

U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS

• 3 Main eras of immigration
• First: initial settlement of colonies
• Second: 19th century immigration from Europe
• Third: recent immigration from LDC's

IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S.

• Since the European migrants built America their culture helped shape U.S
• Now there is controversy over borderlines between different heritages in U.S
• Many people migrate to America illegally
• Those without proper documents to enter are called unauthorized immigrants
• Biggest population of illegal immigrants comes from the Mexican border

IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S

• Illegal immigrants don't usually work in white-collar jobs
• Many Americans recognize they tend to have jobs many people don't want
• Others want stricter laws and restrictions on incoming immigrants
• Tend to cluster in the same communities where people from their country migrated
• Chain migration: migration of people to a specific location because of relatives & friends

WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE OBSTACLES?

U.S. QUOTA LAWS

• Quota: maxium limits on number of people who could immigrate to the U.S in 1 year
• Way too many applicants come in so they decided 3/4 goes to reunify families
• That takes around 5 years
• Skilled workers make up the other fourth of those admitted
• Brain drain: set up to give skilled professionals a better chance in a different country

TEMPORARY MIGRATION FOR WORK

• Guest workers: people of poor countries who get jobs in Western Europe & rhe Middle East
• They do low-skilled, low-status jobs that local residents won't do
• Usually low payed by European standards, they earn much more than they would at home
• Most in Europe from North Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, & Asia

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECONOMIC MIGRANTS & REFUGEES

• Migrants will move for better economic opportunities
• Refugees flee from government persecution
• Refugees receive special priority for admission
• The emigrants from Cuba were considered refugees
• Same with emigrants from Haiti and Vietnam

U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS

• Many people don't want the illegal immigrants here
• They either want them to be stricter on laws & deport them
• Or they want it to be easier for them to become legal so no more illegal ones

ATTITUDES TOWARDS GUEST WORKERS

• Suffer poor social conditions
• Typically a young male alone
• Many "over stay" their welcome & don't return home
• Many Europeans don't like guest workers & don't want the conditions bettered
• In the Middle East to prevent them over staying they force them to leave to have a family

QUESTION:

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE WITHIN A COUNTRY?

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS WITHIN U.S

• At first it was in the colonies then they moved westward
• A lot of migration to California during the gold rush
• Throughout that there was settlement in the great plains
• Then the south developed a lot

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

• Russia: encouraged factories near raw material so a lot of migration
• Brazil: to increase the population of interior they moved the capital to Brasilia
• Indonesia: government has paid for more than 5 million people migrating
• India: governments limit the ability of people to migrate between regions

MIGRATION WITHIN A REGION

RURAL TO UrBAN AREAS

• Began in the early 1800's as part of Industrial Revolution
• 3/4 of U.S population is in urban areas
• Numbers still increasing of those moving to urban areas but not at same rate
• Many people seek better economic opportunities

URBAN TO SUBURBAN AREAS

• Most intraregional migration is from city to surrounding suburbs
• Many people move for the change to suburban lifestyle
• The attraction is the detached house (not apartment), yard, & a family
• They have access to jobs & services like urban areas because of transportation

URBAN TO RURAL AREAS

• This is called counterurbanization
• Happens in part because of rapid suburbanization
• Many attracted by switching the busy life to a more relaxed lifestyle
• Although, with modern technology no place in MDC's are truly isolated
• Roughly the same amount of people migrate to urban areas, as they do to rural areas

QUESTION:

THE END!