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Chapter 3

Published on Nov 21, 2015

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Chapter 3

Physical & Cognitive Development in Infancy
Photo by hcplebranch

Patterns of Growth

Cephalocaudal Pattern is the growth sequence beginning with the top and going to bottom

Proximodistal Pattern is the sequence of growth from the center of the body outward.

Photo by clappstar

Height & Weight

Photo by VinothChandar

By age 2, children weigh 26-32 pounds & are 32-36 inches tall (or half their adult height).

The Brain

Shaken baby syndrome is an injury resulting in brain swelling and hemorrhaging

Photo by Caitlinator

At birth, a baby's brain is 25% its adult weight. By 2, it is at 75%!

Photo by michaelrighi

Changes in neurons:

  • myelination (speeds processing)
  • connectivity increases (facilitates spreading of neural pathways)
Photo by bvi4092

Changes in regions of the brain:

  • "blooming & pruning"
  • differs in various areas of the brain...
Photo by Nomad China

Sleep

Photo by bradleygee

Newborns sleep an average of 16-17 hours per day!

Photo by FrankGuido

The most common infant-related sleep problem is NIGHTTIME WAKING!

Photo by Werner Kunz

REM sleep in infants

Photo by deVos

Infants spend half their time in REM sleep...& may provide added self-stimulation or promotion of brain development.

Photo by tokyosucks

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing without an apparent cause.

Photo by Geek2Nurse

Risk of SIDS is highest from 2-4 months.

Photo by Joybot

Nutrition

Photo by Tal Bright

Generally, infants need 50 calories/day per pound!

Photo by Krudo.

Malnutrition

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Kwashiorkor a form of malnutrition that happens with a severe lack of protein

Marasmus a form of malnutrition resulting from a severe lack of caloric intake.

Photo by Teseum

Some newborn reflexes:

  • rooting & sucking
  • Moro reflex
  • grasping
  • stepping
  • swimming
Photo by Sonia Belviso

Gross Motor Skills involve large-muscle activities (moving arms; walking)

Photo by real00

Fine Motor Skills involve finely tuned movements (holding a spoon)

Photo by fred_v

The average child learns to walk @ 12-18 months!

Pincer vs Palmar Grasp

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Palmar is less coordinated & the whole hand grasps an object.

Photo by diathesis

Pincer involves coordination of the thumb and forefinger.

Photo by Beth Nazario

Sensory Development

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A newborn's visual capacity is not well developed at birth. They can only see about 20/600!

Photo by kenteegardin

Depth Perception develops around 6-9 months.

Visual cliff is an experiment demonstrating that infants perceive depth.

Cognitive Development

Photo by Axel Quack

Piaget's Theory

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Schemes are actions or mental representati-ons that organize knowledge.

Photo by Scott SM

Accommodation and assimilation helps children adapt their schemes.

Photo by sciencesque

Assimilation is using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Photo by taryn_nefdt

Accommodation is adjusting schemes for new information or experiences.

Children seek equilibration by shifting thoughts as they learn to understand the world.

Photo by harold.lloyd

The Sensorimotor Stage of Development

Photo by ruurmo

Sensorimotor lasts from birth to age 2. During this stage, infants construct their knowledge of the world through coordinating sensory experiences & motor actions.

Photo by Scott SM

Object permanence is an important accomplishment---understanding that objects exist even when they can't be seen.

Photo by drcw

How to tell? Watch a child's reaction when a toy disappears.

Photo by Scott SM

Piaget's Theory Reviewed

  • Some skills develop earlier than Piaget thought-object permanence, for example.

Learning

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Attention is the focusing of mental resources on select information.

Photo by davic

Infant's attention is related to novelty & habituation. Infants get distracted when an object becomes familiar.

Photo by Sea Frost

Joint Attention

  • ability to track each other's behavior
  • one person directing another's attention
  • reciprocal interaction
Photo by Duncan H

Deferred imitation occurs after a delay of hours or days.

Photo by Eric.Parker

Memory, or the retention of information over time, has two components.

Implicit memory refers to memory without conscious recollection (automatically performed).

Explicit memory refers to conscious memory of facts & experiences.

Photo by ˙Cаvin 〄

Infants show evidence of explicit memory by the 2nd half of the 1st year!

Photo by torres21

Concepts are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people & ideas.

Photo by Nomadic Lass

Language Development

Photo by zinjixmaggir

Language:

  • is spoken, written or signed
  • based on a system of symbols
  • follows particular rules
  • infinite generativity

Infants can understand phonemes from any language in the world from birth to 6 months.

Photo by TedsBlog

Stages of Language Development

  • crying
  • cooing
  • babbling
  • gestures
  • holophrases
  • telegraphic speech
Photo by bleggg

Cooing (2-4 months) are gurgling vowel sounds

Photo by nick see

Babbling (6 months) is repetitive consonant sounds, like "ba ba..."

Photo by Mait Jüriado

A lack of gesturing by 12 months can be a red flag for Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Receptive vocabulary is words a child understands; spoken vocabulary is words the child uses.

Photo by illustir

Underextension is applying a word too narrowly.

Photo by Robert Tewart

Overextension is applying a word too broadly.

Photo by StuartWebster

Telegraphic speech is short utterances, such as "mommy look doggie"

Photo by lynn

Two regions in the brain involved in language: Broca's area & Wernicke's area

Photo by JD Hancock

Broca's area produces speech. Wernicke's area comprehends speech.

Photo by rosmary

Child-directed speech is language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, using simple words and sentences.

Photo by Jaboney