Cardiovascular system

Heart layers

• Pericardium is the sac that encloses the heart and is the outermost layer.
• Myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart and is made of pure muscle.
• Endocardium is the thin layer of tissue that lines the heart’s chambers and valves.

Chambers

• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• The left atrium takes oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of your body.

Valves

• The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle
• The pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
• The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle
• The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta

Pathway of blood

• Blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and coronary sinus
• Blood goes thought the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
• Through the pulmonary semilunar valves to the pulmonary trunk
• Through the left and right pulmonary arteries to the lungs
• From the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the heart

Pathway of blood

• From pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• Through the mitral valve to the left ventricle
• Through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta
• From the aorta to the rest of the body

EKG

• An EKG measures the hearts electrical activity
• The electric lie activity is translated into visual lines

Cardiac output formula

• Cardiac output describes how much blood is pumped each minute
• Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped each time
• Heart rate is how many times your heart beats a minutes

Arteries vs veins

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood
• Arteries flow away from the heart
• Veins flow toward the heart

Pulse average

• The average pulse is 60-100 beats per minute
• You can check your pulse at your neck or your wrist

Blood pressure

• Blood pressure is measured as a ratio
• Systole is on top and measures the pressure of arteries during a beat
• Diastole is on bottom and measures the pressure of arteries between beats

Coronary artery disease

• Coronary arteries supply your heart with blood
• CHD is caused by a buildup of plaque from cholesterol
• The plaque narrows your arteries and supplies your heart with less blood
• Treatments include exercising, eating healthy, or getting bypass surgery