PRESENTATION OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
The Industrial Revolution was built on the advances in culture, consumerism, religion, and medical practices. The Revolution allowed colonies lives to expand and was greatly impacted by the many developments. Such as, the unconventional religious beliefs and the increasing power of the states and and it's influence. Moreover, medical experimentation and research included as well. These advancements in the Industrial Revolution brought much change, allowing for a better future and brought forth a new generation.
NEW FOODS AND APPETITES
The main meals were
1. bread
2. grain
3. water
4. wine or beer
⭐️the poor ate bread and veggies while the rich ate meat and sauces.
⭐️colonial products were shipped in such as potatoes from America
NEW FOODS AND APPETITES
⭐️ the Low Countries and England had a variety of veggies
⭐️France ate two pounds a day!
⭐️Portugal and West Indies grew tropical fruits
⭐️America exported goods
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️New Foods and Appetites (economic and political influences)
As new agricultural advances, such as crop rotation and the enclosure movement, spread across Europe, food production greatly increased, therefore lowering the cost of food, but increasing the variety. While the poor still mainly ate bread and vegetables, they were able to choose between different foods and purchase more of it. The food of the rich became increasingly fancy and complex. Food Imported from colonies such as America and the West Indies, were also important to the European diet.
⭐️WE WONDER... Without imports, would Europeans have starved?
TOWARD A CONSUMER SOCIETY
⭐️Consumer Revolution
⭐️ability to choose goods, self expression, identity through products
⭐️supply and demand, marketing campaigns
⭐️fashions was dictate by producers not the consumers (rich elite)
⭐️cotton and vegetable dies
⭐️slavery -> cheaper styles
TOWARDS A CONSUMER SOCIETY
⭐️NW Europe had the consumer revolution
⭐️colonies of North America had concentrate developments
⭐️Mrs. Fanny Cradock's milkman wore stylish clothing which inspired her to spread fashion to people from all classes
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Towards a Consumer Society (economic and geographic influences)
Along with the agricultural boom, other markets began to increase in efficiency and options as well. The rise in production of goods gave people the ability to choose their own style and a sense of individualism.
⭐️WE WONDER... How did the various varieties in foods change how they ate?
RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND BELIEFS
⭐️Most people were still Christian but a few started to criticize
⭐️Churches acted as a social center and held special events. it kept records of births, deaths and marriages
⭐️Social services such as giving to charity, caring for orphans,
and educating commoners also were duties of the church
⭐️States became more and more influential in religious matters and papal power weakened
⭐️Spain was a Catholic state with the government at the head of the church
⭐️In France, Louis XV banned Jesuits from France because of their growing political power
⭐️Austria was a frontrunner in controlling the church through the government
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Religious Authority and Beliefs (religious and political influences)
Through all the changes Europe was undergoing, the church remained the center of most people’s lives in Catholic States, since most social events and services were held by the church. On the other hand, papal power was being replaced by government enforcement in many states such as France and Austria.
⭐️WE WONDER... What was different about French and Austrian government that they were able to override papal power?
PROTESTANT REVIVAL (PIETISM)
The protestant revival began in the late 17th century in Germany
⭐️Pietism became popular because it was based on three central ideas
1. Emotional experience and relationship are available to all people
2. "Priesthood of all believers,"
3. Christian values can and should be applied to all aspects of life
⭐️In Prussia, Pietists implemented educational reforms
⭐️Pietism also spread to German-speaking lands and Scandinavia
⭐️In England, the government rewarded people with church positions. This caused John Wesley, to turn to a different view of religion
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Protestant Revival (religious influences)
The Protestant revival known as Pietism began in the late 17th century in Germany. Pietism became extremely popular because it encouraged emotional relationship, priesthood of all believers, and application of Christian values to everyday life.
⭐️WE WONDER... Was life during the Pietism violent? Were there many uprisings?
CATHOLIC PIETY
⭐️Formal worship a central part of the religion
⭐️Baroqe art in catholic churches
⭐️The church is intertwined with peoples’ lives in everything
⭐️Jansenism was a product if the Catholic and Protestant Reformation
⭐️It was founded by Cornelius Jansen from the Spanish Netherlands
•He wanted a return to early Christianity as defined by Saint Augustine and believed in the original sin and predestination
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Catholic Piety (religious influences)
Echoing Pietism from the Protestant revival, Jansenism was the Catholic revival that called for a return to early Christianity as defined by Saint Augustine.
⭐️WE WONDER...What was so great about the early church that was so desirable to the Pietism?
MARGINAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
⭐️Paganism was mostly prevalent in the countryside
⭐️Pagans would often perform ceremonial rituals or use herbs with supposed mystic powers
⭐️Most people combined the Christian faith with certain aspects of paganism
⭐️With the new ideas of the Reformation and the Enlightenment, there was a movement to rid Europe of superstition
⭐️In Austria, Joseph II tried to purify the faith but people dissented
•This led to growing tension between the upper and lower classes
⭐️Witchcraft trials were abolished by 1682
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Marginal Beliefs and Practices (religious influences)
While the majority of Europe was Christian, a few of those living in the countryside were pagan. These pagan ideas began to filter into the Christian religion and many people soon began to combine the Christian faith with pagan practices. Because of this, a movement sprang up across Europe to try to purify the faith.
⭐️WE WONDER... Were pagans outlawed for their faith?
MEDICAL PRACTICES
⭐️In the 1700’s medical experimentation and research increased
⭐️Faith healers, apothecaries, physicians, surgeons, and midwives were the main medics of the time
⭐️Women had an increasingly smaller role in the medical field
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Medical Practices (intellectual influences)
In the 1700’s medical experimentation and research increased. Faith healers, apothecaries, physicians, surgeons, and midwives, the main medics of the time, used Enlightenment ideas to gain knowledge about anatomy. Unfortunately, women had an increasingly smaller role in the medical field except as midwives.
⭐️WE WONDER...What about exorcisms? We need more information on exorcisms!
FAITH HEALING
⭐️Remained popular throughout the 18th century
⭐️Healers believed that evil spirits caused diseases and would perform exorcisms to drive out demons
⭐️Healers also provided herbs and drugs that cured all sorts of ailments including a bad temper
⭐️This was mostly popular in the countryside
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Faith Healing (religious influence in medicine)
Faith healing remained popular in the countryside throughout the 18th century. The healers would perform exorcisms to drive out evil spirits that they believed to be the cause of all sicknesses. They also sold drugs that cured all sorts of ailments.
⭐️WE WONDER... Did these "doctors" actually do a good job?
GENERAL PRACTICE
⭐️Men physicians usually came from rich families and they mostly served wealthy familes
⭐️While a few physicians began to experiment with new techniques, most continued the practice of bloodletting
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️General Practice (social and intellectual influences)
Since the apprenticeship to become a physician was long and costly, physicians usually came from and served wealthy families. Many physicians also continued the practice of bloodletting since they had no data to prove that it actually hurt more than it helped.
⭐️WE WONDER... What was the role of each doctor? Did they have certain job requirements?
HOSPITALS AND SURGERY
⭐️Surgeons studied anatomy and came up with methods for amputation
⭐️Amputation was developed mostly by surgeons working on the battlefield
•Many people died from amputations because of the lack of sanitary condictions and proper anesthesia
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Hospitals and Surgery (social and intellectual influences)
Surgeons were once considered at the same level as lowly butchers. Once they started to study anatomy, they came up with methods for amputation and became more reputable.These new methods were developed mostly by surgeons working on the battlefield, but many people died from these because of the lack of sanitary conditions and proper anesthesia.
⭐️WE WONDER... How many people's lives could have been saved with the proper equipment and resources?
MIDWIVERY
⭐️Midwives delivered most of the babies and were in charge of women medical issues
⭐️After forceps were publicized in 1734, men physicians attempted to replace midwives as the main birthing doctors
⭐️Madame du Coudray fought back with her book Manuel on the Art of Childbirth in 1757. She then received royal support to travel around France and educate midwives with a life-size model of a woman
CRITIQUE AND SUMMARY
⭐️Midwivery (social influences)
Midwives were in charge of delivering babies and fixing women’s medical issues. After forceps were publicized in 1734, men physicians attempted to replace midwives as the main birthing doctors. Luckily for midwives in France, Madame du Coudray fought back with her book Manuel on the Art of Childbirth in 1757. She then received royal support to travel around France and educate midwives with a life-size model of a woman.
⭐️WE WONDER... Was midwivery a way for women to fight for their rights?
CRITIQUE ON CHAPTER
⭐️The chapter material brings many new questions about the way life was lived and how much we have grown and developed in the years from the beginning of the Revolution to present day.
⭐️In the big picture, these advancements weren't as big as some as the technological developments today but they still impact us daily.
⭐️We expected this chapter to inform us on topics such as discoveries in food, crop rotation, and food pricing. We did learn about imports from colonies, how people were able to survive and make their own foods and goods.
⭐️ The author was only biased in a few sections.
