ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PHARAOHS

HATSHEPSUT: BEFORE POWER

• born around 1508 BC in Thebes
• "foremost of noble ladies"
• child of Thutmose I and Ahmose
• married Thutmose II who died before she was 30

HATSHEPSUT: RISE TO POWER

• When Thutmose II died, Thutmose III next in line
• Hatshepsut acted as regent for her nephew
• Eventually claims throne for her own
• Depicted as a man in some images and statues
• Wanted to assert her authority

HATSHEPSUT: ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Wanted to ensure economic prosperity
• extended trade
• wanted to restore buildings and build new ones
• not interested in conquering new lands
• possible short military campaign in Nubia

HATSHEPSUT: DEATH

• died early in the year of 1458 BC
• possibly assassinated by Thutmose III
• possibly died from a skin cream with a toxic ingredient
• buried in Thebes

THUTMOSE III: BEFORE POWER

• born around 1504 BC
• full name: Menkheperre Thutmose III
• He was short, about 5 feet tall
• began rule as pharaoh around 1458
• Known today as "The Napoleon of Ancient Egypt"

THUTMOSE: MILITARY CONSQUESTS

• First Campaign
• marched to Gaza, then to Yahmai
• Traveled on an unexpected route
• Surprise attack on the enemy encamped at Megiddo
• The campaign was successful, Megiddo taken after 8 months

THUTMOSE III: MILITARY ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Led 17 campaigns in all
• Ports on the Phoenician coast became supply bases
• Attacked kingdom of Mitanni
• other cities were taken in smaller campaigns
• extended Egypt's boudaries

THUTMOSE III: EXTRAS

• He enlarged the temple of Anon at Karnak
• craftsmanship and art progressed during his reign
• He traveled a lot and brought several animals to Egypt
• He described the chicken as " bird that gives birth everyday"

THUTMOSE III: DEATh

• Died in 1426 BC
• laid to rest in the valley of the tombs of the kings
• located in western Thebes
• His tomb was looted by robbers

TUT: BEFORE POWER

• born around 1341 BC
• original name was Tutankhaten
• His name meant "Living image of Aten"
• His father was Amenhotep IV or Akhenaten
• became king around 1332 BC at age 9

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: AKHENATEN

• Known as the heretic king
• neglected domestic and foreign affairs
• changed Egypt's polytheistic beliefs to monotheistic
• This caused a lot of social problems
• moved royal court to Amarna from Thebes

TUT: DURING POWER

• Married Ankesenamun in 1332 BC
• They had 2 stillborn daughters
• changed is name to Tutankhamun
• means "living image of amun"
• Things were controlled by regents

TUT: FIXING FATHER'S MISTAKES

• Eveything controlled by Ay and Horemheb
• Went back to polytheistic beliefs
• Royal court moved to Memphis
• Tried to restore foreign relations
• Wanted to restore older order

TUT: EXTRAS

• Changed name to Tutankhamun
• Trained in military
• Possibly good at archery, but didn't see many battles
• Some battles did occur over trade routes and border disputes

TUT: DEATH

• Died around 1323 BC at the age of 18 or 19
• Not sure what the cause of death was
• Because he had no heir, his death caused disputes
• Hasty burying occurred 70 days after his death
• Buried in the tomb in the Valley of the Kings

TUT: DEATH

• Tomb was undiscovered for a while
• Buried with oils, toys, jewelry, and statues
• Stone sarcophagus contained 3 coffins
• Not remembered for what he did during his rule
• Remembered for the artifacts and treasures he was buried with

RAMSES II: BEFORE POWER

• Born in 1303 BC
• Named after grandfather, Ramses I
• Had an older brother who died when Ramses was 14
• Married his two main wives at age 15
• Joined his father in military campaigns

RAMSES II: MILITARY

• Was leading campaigns by the age of 22
• Crowned pharaoh at age 25 in 1279 BC
• Extended borders
• Led his army against many enemies
• Hittites, Syrians, Libyans, and Nubians

RAMSES II: MILITARY

• Battle of Kadesh
• Was fought against the Hittites
• Ramses had 20,000 men, Hittite army had 50,000
• 5,000 carriages were used
• No one really won, Ramses still returned a military hero

RAMSES II: BUILDING

• Had many temples and structures built
• Ramesseum
• Abu Simbel
• Pi-Ramesses

RAMSES II: DEATH

• Died in 1213 BC
• Died around the age of 90
• Buried in the Valley of the Kings
• His mummy was moved to protect it from thieves
• Known to some as the greatest pharaoh of ancient Egypt

CLEOPATRA VII: BEFORE POWER

• Born around 69 BC
• Clepatra VII Thea Philopator
• Greek heritage and culture
• Father was King Ptolemy XII
• Married younger brother Ptolemy XIII

CLEOPATRA VII: RISE TO POWER

• In 51 BC, Cleopatra and Ptolemy inherited throne
• Egypt was struggling at the time
• Cleopatra rivaled with her brother
• She fled to Syria to build an army
• In 48 BC, she returned and gained control of the throne

CLEOPATRA VII: JULIUS CAESAR

• Caesar helped Cleopatra reclaim throne
• He made Ptolemy XIV joint ruler with her
• Ptolemy XIII fled and drowned in the Nile
• Caesar fell in love with Cleopatra
• They had a son named Caesarion

CLEOPATRA VII: MARK ANTONY

• Mark Antony had a love affair with Cleopatra
• They had three children together
• Two of their children were twins
• They were named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene
• Octavian, Antony's wife's brother declares war on Cleopatra

CLEOPATRA VII: THE END

• Together, Cleopatra and Antony assembled 500 ships
• Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Terrible loses, forced to retreat.
• Antony stabs himself when he thought Cleopatra died
• Cleopatra killed herself when Antony was dead
• She was bit by an asp and died August 12, 30 BC.