Unit 1 Vocabulary
Published on Apr 26, 2016
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Enlightenment- intellectual movement in the late 1700's-1800's that emphasized logic and reasoning.
-This time period brought about many ideas from the enlightened thinkers that influenced many documents that served as the basis for the organization of the government.
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Seperation of Powers- fundamental principle of seperating the three governmental branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
-This allowed for the balance of power which meant that each of the branches had to "check-in" with eachother to make sure none were overpowering one another.
French and Indian War-series of military engagements between France and Britain from 1754-1763.
-(a.k.a the Seven Years War) it was a war that was fought to decide whether Britain or France would be the strong power in North America and disputes over the gain of land from the indians.
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Sons of Liberty-organization/secret society of American colonists that was created by the 13 colonies.
-This group was formed due to the taxation from the British government and to fight for protection on the rights of the american colonists.
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American Revolution-(1775-83)war between Great Britain and the american colonies by which the colonies won their independence.
-The war was caused because the americans wanted to fight against the all powerful Great Britain due to unfair treatment and the desire to become independent.
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Declaration of Independence- formal statement that declared the freedom of the 13 colonies from Britain.
-This statement was written by Thomas Jefferson in order to declare independence from Great Britain and obtain freedom.
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Natural Rights-rights that people have under the natural law which cannot be taken away.
-These rights are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hapiness.
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Articles of Confederation- original U.S constitution which declared that the colonies were no longer open to colonization.
-This declaration was effective until the weak central government was shown and was ratified in 1781.
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Great Compromise- agreement that large states and small states were weighted equally between the states.
-The reult of this agreement was th split of congress into two branches which are known as the House of Representatives and the senate.
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Federalists- member and/or supporter of the Federalist Party which agreed with the adoption of the constitution.
-These members supported a strong central government that was superior of state governments.
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Anti-Federalists-supporters of the state's rights.
-This group of people later became known as the Democratic-Republican Party which modernized to reform our government.
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Federalism-system of government in which the power is divided into the national and regional government.
-This system allowed for the sharing of power and reduced the conflicts wehich could later form wars or create tension.
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Bill of Rights-the first ten amendments to the U.S constitution which guaranteed many freedoms.
-Some of hese rights were the freedom of speech, assembly, and worship which were the ones that dramatically impacted the people of america.
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Free Exercise Clause- refers to the section in the first amendment which allows the free practice of religion.
-This clause differentiated america from other areas because it allowed the people to practice their own beliefs and customs.
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Establishment Clause- clause in the First Amendment of the U.S constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by congress.
-This allowed for a more diverse country in the aspects of religion which incited the change of cultures and influenced the governmental documents.
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Judicial Review-review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
-This was known as a procedure by which a court can review an administrative action by a public body and secure the declaration of it.
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Louisiana Purchase-purchase by the U.S from France of the Louisiana territory.
-(1803) This purchase of land nearly doubled the size of the U.S and prevented the establishment of a French Empire in North America.
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Monroe doctrine-U.S policy that any intervention by external powers in the politics is a potentially hostile act against america.
-This policy stated that it would not tolerate any intervention by European nations inorder to mantain peace in america and reduce conflict.
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Trail of Tears-route along which the U.S government forced indian tribes to migrate to reservations.
-This event was caused in order to relocate the indians into an indian reservation.
Photo by Jim Nix / Nomadic Pursuits
Mormons-member of the Church of Latter Day Saints which was founded in 1830.
-This group of religious people, formed by Joseph Smith, helped out the emigrants with supplies and resources for survival.
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Manifest Destiny-doctrine or belief that the expansion of the U.S throughout the american continents was both justifiable and inevitable.
-This belief led a lot of people to reform and change their way which later incited change in all aspects of the american life.
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Second Great Awakening-protestant revival movement during the early 1900's that cause growth in the Baptist and Methodist churches.
-This event was one of the most significant occurances in the history of american religion becuase many people were converted and many churches were reformed which influenced abolitionists.
Photo by Josh Kenzer
Abolition- the action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution.
-The abolition of slavery was a huge deal becaus emany of the people affected by it wanted to change the way people saw one another.
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Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued in 1863 which freed all slaves in portions of the U.S where they werent under the Union's control.
-This order cause a lot of hatred towards Lincoln because the abolition made the slaves free and that upset the slave owners.
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Reconstruction- period after the Civil War in which the states were under the control of the federal government including the granting of rights to the African-Americans.
- This period was a time where the enslaved people and the african americans as a whole began to get their rights and became equal.
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13th Amendment- amendment that abolished slavery in the U.S states.
-This caused the angerment of many slave owners because their land had no way of mantaining itself and they lost thier "property."
Photo by Leo Reynolds
14th Amendment-amendment that adressess citizenship to the former enslaved people.
-This amendment helped the slaves have equal rights and protection under the laws.
Photo by jayRaz
15th Amendment-amendement that prohibits the federal and state governments from denying the right to vote.
-This amendment made the slaves able to vote;however, some people did not agree and created unavoidable obstacles for the slaves.
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Freedman's Bureau-(a.k.a Bureau of Refugees) established Bureau by congress to help the former black slaves and poor whites in the south.
-This helped the slaves learn new basic things such as reading and writing and it caused the growth of knowledge for all people involved.
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Poll Taxes- taxes placed on former enslaved people without reference to income or resources.
-This tax was put on black slaves in order for them to be unable to vote due to their low resources and no incomes.
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Jim Crow-former practice of segregating black people in the U.S.
-This was also known as the Jim Crow laws which was a way for the white people to seperate form the former slaves and still keep that "superiority" between them and the others.
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Lord Baltimore- the first proprietor of Maryland.
-George Calvert was the fiorst peron to dream of a colony where catholics and protestants would get along so he opened up Maryland to all catholics and was accepting to them.
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John Locke- English philosopher and physician who was an influential enlightened thinker.
-Locke set the basis for many governmental documents because of his idea of Classical Liberalism and his political theories.
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Thomas Jefferson-American founding father who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence.
-Jefferson made the purchase for the Louisianna territory and set (for the most part) the organization for the american government.
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James Madison-american statesman and fourth president of the U.S.
-Madison was one of the leaders in drafting the constitution and he also worked to adopt the states of the U.S.
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John Marshall-4th chief justice of the Supreme Court.
-Marshall's opinions in the court helped set a basis for a constituional law and made Judical review a major part in court cases.
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Harriet Tubman- African American abolitionist who helped many enslaves people escape their owners.
-Tubman's help was supported by the Underground Railroad which contributed to the escape of hundreds of slaves.
Photo by i k o
Abraham Lincoln- 16th president of the U.S who oppossed slavery and supported equality.
-Lincoln's efforts to bring an end to slavery caused tension between him and the american citizens; however, he changed america for the better.
Photo by Stuck in Customs
Dred Scott v Sanford- court case which settled that african americans could not be citizens and could not sue in federal court.
-This court case ruling also said that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in the territories. This was a big factor in leading to the Civil War.
Photo by Marcus Q
Plessy v Ferguson- Supreme Court case ruling that segregation in public facilities be "seperate but equal."
- This court case was a big factor in the suppression of the "equal" rights that the former enslaved people had and it led to bigger conflicts such as the Civil War.
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